{"id":108837,"date":"2011-02-06T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-06T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/sin-categoria\/evaluacion-de-acido-sialico-y-gangliosidos-en-leche-y-preparados-infantiles\/"},"modified":"2011-02-06T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2011-02-06T00:00:00","slug":"evaluacion-de-acido-sialico-y-gangliosidos-en-leche-y-preparados-infantiles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/lipidos\/evaluacion-de-acido-sialico-y-gangliosidos-en-leche-y-preparados-infantiles\/","title":{"rendered":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico y gangli\u00f3sidos en leche y preparados infantiles"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Tesis doctoral de <strong> Ram\u00f3n Lacomba Perales <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>La leche materna es el alimento id\u00f3neo para satisfacer las necesidades del lactante, durante las primeras etapas de la vida. No obstante, en algunas situaciones se recurre a la alimentaci\u00f3n con preparados infantiles, cuya composici\u00f3n en macronutrientes y oligoelementos esenciales (vitaminas y minerales) tiende a ser semejante a la de la leche humana. \tel \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico y los gangli\u00f3sidos son componentes bioactivos, presentes en leche que desempe\u00f1an un papel fundamental en distintos procesos de reconocimiento celular. \tactualmente, con el fin de mejorar la composici\u00f3n de los preparados infantiles, se realizan investigaciones sobre componentes bioactivos esenciales, como \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico y gangli\u00f3sidos, cuyas cantidades y perfiles difieren entre la leche humana y los preparados infantiles. \tel objetivo general de esta tesis es conocer la composici\u00f3n en \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico y gangli\u00f3sidos de preparados infantiles comercializados y compararla con los presentes en leche humana, as\u00ed como conocer la influencia de la utilizaci\u00f3n de concentrados proteicos de suero l\u00e1cteo ricos en estos componentes en preparados infantiles. \tpara alcanzar este objetivo se ponen a punto y validan dos m\u00e9todos de determinaci\u00f3n de \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico, uno que permite la cuantificaci\u00f3n diferenciada de sus formas m\u00e1s abundantes (n-acetil y n-glicolil) por hplc-fluorescencia y otro que permite la determinaci\u00f3n de \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico total por espectrofotmetr\u00eda de absorci\u00f3n molecular. Atendiendo a los resultados obtenidos, los m\u00e9todos validados se consideran id\u00f3neos para ser aplicados a preparados infantiles y leche humana. los m\u00e9todos validados se aplican a la determinaci\u00f3n del \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico y gangli\u00f3sidos en preparados comerciales (para lactantes y de continuaci\u00f3n), sueros l\u00e1cteos a base de alfa-lactoalb\u00famina y membranas de gl\u00f3bulos grasos de la leche ricos en \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico y gangli\u00f3sidos (utilizados en la elaboraci\u00f3n de preparados experimentales que contienen estos ingredientes) y leche humana. \tlos resultados indican que el suero a base de membranas de gl\u00f3bulos grasos de la leche presenta un mayor contenido de \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico y gangli\u00f3sidos que el de alfa-lactoalb\u00famina, con lo que los preparados elaborados con este ingrediente son los que presentan un mayor contenido de ambos componentes bioactivos, si bien sus contenidos son inferiores a los encontrados en la leche humana, y sus perfiles individuales difieren, excepto el perfil de gangli\u00f3sidos del preparado de continuaci\u00f3n experimental. \ta partir de los contenidos obtenidos de \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico y gangli\u00f3sidos, en los preparados para lactantes, se calculan sus ingestas diarias; estas no alcanzan las ingestas aportadas por la leche humana durante las primeras semanas de vida (20-30 mg\/kg\/d\u00eda vs. 210 mg\/kg\/d\u00eda). \tse eval\u00faa la bioaccesibilidad de \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico y gangli\u00f3sidos en la fracci\u00f3n soluble de preparados infantiles y leche humana obtenida tras una digesti\u00f3n gastrointestinal simulada en dos etapas (g\u00e1strica e intestinal). La etapa g\u00e1strica es la principal responsable de la reducci\u00f3n de la bioaccesibilidad de ambos compuestos, comprob\u00e1ndose que no es debido a una insolubilizaci\u00f3n de los mismos. En leche humana se obtiene la mayor bioaccesibilidad para el \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico, seguida del preparado para lactantes y de continuaci\u00f3n; mientras que en el caso de los gangli\u00f3sidos el orden, de mayor a menor bioaccesibilidad, corresponde a preparado de continuaci\u00f3n, leche humana y preparados para lactantes. \tcon el fin de iniciar estudios de biodisponibilidad se caracteriza el contenido y perfil de \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico y gangli\u00f3sidos en la l\u00ednea celular caco-2, c\u00e9lulas diferenciadas y no diferenciadas, evalu\u00e1ndose la citotoxicidad de los principales gangli\u00f3sidos (gm3 y gd3) a las concentraciones halladas en las fracciones solubles de las muestras analizadas, mediante ensayos de viabilidad celular (azul trip\u00e1n) e integridad mitocondrial (mtt), no observ\u00e1ndose ning\u00fan efecto t\u00f3xico.   breast milk is the most suitable food in order to satisfy the needs of the unweaned baby at the earliest stage of its life. However, in some situations infant formulas are used instead, which is rich in macronutrients and essential oligoelements (vitamins and minerals) and is quite similar to human milk. sialic acid and gangliosides are bioactive components found in milk and they have a fundamental role in different processes of cellular recognition.  nowadays, with the aim of improving the composition of infant formulas, research is performed on essential bioactive components, such as sialic acid and gangliosides, whose amounts and profiles differ from human milk and infant formulas. the main objective of this thesis is to identify the composition of sialic acid and gangliosides in manufactured infant formulas and to compare it with the ones found in human milk, and to discern the influence of the use of whey protein concentrates, rich in components found in infant formulas. in order to achieve this objective, two methods in the determination of sialic acid have been optimized and validated. One of the methods allows the distinctive quantification of its more abundant forms (n-acetyl and n-glycolil) by means of hplc-fluorescence; the other method allows the determination of the complete sialic acid by means of molecular absorption spectrophotometry. According with the obtained results, the validated methods have been considered ideal in order to be applied to infant formulas and human milk. the validated methods are applied to the determination of sialic acid and gangliosides in manufacturated preparations (starter and follow-on formulas), whey made of alpha-lactalbumin and milk fat globule membranes rich in sialic acid and gangliosides (utilized in the production of experimental preparations containing these ingredients), and human milk. the results point out that the whey made of milk fat globule membranes presents a higher sialic acid and gangliosides content than the one consisting of alpha-lactalbumin. Therefore, the preparations made with this ingredient are the ones that present a higher content of both bioactive components. However, their contents are lower than the ones found in human milk and their individual profiles differ, except the profile of gangliosides in the experimental post breast-fed preparation. from the sialic acid and gangliosides contents obtained, in the starter formulas, daily ingestions are calculated; these do not achieve the ingestions provided by human milk during the first weeks of life (20-30 mg\/kg\/dya vs. 210 mg\/kg\/day). evaluation of the bioaccessibility of sialic acid and gangliosides in the soluble fraction of child food and human milk is performed, both obtained after a two stage simulated gastrointestinal digestion (gastric and intestinal). The gastric stage is the main stage responsible for the reduction of the bioaccessibility of both compounds, showing that it is not due to an insolubilisation of them. In sialic acid the highest bioaccessibility is obtained for human milk, followed by starter formulas and follow-on ones. On the other hand, in the case of gangliosides, the order, from the higher to the lower bioaccessibility, corresponds to the follow-on formulas, human milk and finally, starter formulas. with the aim of starting studies of bioavailability, the content and profile of sialic acid and gangliosides is characterized in the caco-2 cellular line, differentiated cells and non differentiated ones. An evaluation of the cytotoxicity of the main gangliosides (gm3 and gd3) to the concentrations found in the soluble fractions of the samples analyzed is performed, by means of cellular viability (trypan blue) and mitochondrial integrity (mtt) tests, with non toxic effect observed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Datos acad\u00e9micos de la tesis doctoral \u00ab<strong>Evaluaci\u00f3n de \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico y gangli\u00f3sidos en leche y preparados infantiles<\/strong>\u00ab<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u00edtulo de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 Evaluaci\u00f3n de \u00e1cido si\u00e1lico y gangli\u00f3sidos en leche y preparados infantiles <\/li>\n<li><strong>Autor:<\/strong>\u00a0 Ram\u00f3n Lacomba Perales <\/li>\n<li><strong>Universidad:<\/strong>\u00a0 Universitat de val\u00e9ncia (estudi general)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fecha de lectura de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 02\/06\/2011<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Direcci\u00f3n y tribunal<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Director de la tesis<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Amparo Alegria Toran<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tribunal<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Presidente del tribunal: reyes Barbera saez <\/li>\n<li>gaspar Francisco Ros berruezo (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>Fernando S\u00e1nchez Juan es (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>rosaura Farre rovira (vocal)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tesis doctoral de Ram\u00f3n Lacomba Perales La leche materna es el alimento id\u00f3neo para satisfacer las necesidades del lactante, durante 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