{"id":114226,"date":"2018-03-11T10:42:09","date_gmt":"2018-03-11T10:42:09","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2018-03-11T10:42:09","modified_gmt":"2018-03-11T10:42:09","slug":"historia-agraria-y-organizacion-social-en-la-costa-austral-de-ecuador-1950-2010-estudio-de-caso-de-una-cooperativa-agra%c2%adcola-la-union-regional-de-organizaciones-campesinas-del-litoral-urocal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/historia\/historia-agraria-y-organizacion-social-en-la-costa-austral-de-ecuador-1950-2010-estudio-de-caso-de-una-cooperativa-agra%c2%adcola-la-union-regional-de-organizaciones-campesinas-del-litoral-urocal\/","title":{"rendered":"Historia agraria y organizaci\u00f3n social en la costa austral de ecuador, 1950-2010. estudio de caso de una cooperativa agr\u00edcola: la uni\u00f3n regional de organizaciones campesinas del litoral, urocal."},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Tesis doctoral de <strong> German Carrillo Garcia <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Resumen tesis: historia agraria y organizaci\u00f3n social en la costa austral de ecuador, 1950-2010. Estudio de caso de una cooperativa agr\u00edcola: la uni\u00f3n regional de organizaciones campesinas del litoral, urocal dr. Germ\u00e1n carrillo garc\u00eda a partir de 1950 se iniciaron en ecuador transformaciones de car\u00e1cter radical en todos los \u00e1mbitos. El pa\u00eds se insert\u00f3 en la \u00f3rbita internacional tras la segunda guerra mundial a partir, entre otros factores, de la expansi\u00f3n del monocultivo de banano. Las reformas agrarias de 1964 y 1973, en el marco de la revoluci\u00f3n verde, cambiaron los escenarios y los actores del mundo rural. La modernizaci\u00f3n del campo dej\u00f3 atr\u00e1s, en buena medida, el gamonalismo serrano y las aparcer\u00edas en la costa para ir adecuando las relaciones laborales y sociales al sistema capitalista. Las econom\u00edas campesinas se resintieron de un modelo de desarrollo ajeno a su racionalidad y, pronto, el campesinado, que hab\u00eda luchado por la tierra, conform\u00f3 un nuevo proletariado rural en las modernas explotaciones agr\u00edcolas. Ciertos grupos de campesinos y campesinas se mancomunaron en torno a cooperativas agr\u00edcolas, lo que de una u otra manera abrir\u00eda posibilidades para su supervivencia. El estudio de caso de la organizaci\u00f3n campesina urocal (uni\u00f3n regional de organizaciones campesinas del litoral) es representativo de los cambios aducidos en el mundo rural ecuatoriano, especialmente en la costa austral del ecuador.  los motivos que indujeron la investigaci\u00f3n fueron clarificando los objetivos de la misma. Por un lado, la escasa literatura cient\u00edfica sobre las regiones coste\u00f1as del ecuador ameritaba su investigaci\u00f3n. Por otro, la relevancia de la cooperativa objeto de estudio, a partir de su trayectoria hist\u00f3rica, desvelaba parte de la historia contempor\u00e1nea del pa\u00eds andino y en buena medida una historia agraria del litoral. Como adem\u00e1s, el estudio persegu\u00eda reevaluar el papel de peque\u00f1os agricultores y su grado de cooperaci\u00f3n, dentro de la compleja econom\u00eda de mercado. como parte del proceso metodol\u00f3gico de la investigaci\u00f3n, se llev\u00f3 a cabo un trabajo de campo sobre el territorio donde se desarroll\u00f3 hist\u00f3ricamente la urocal, esto es, poblaciones de las provincias de guayas, azuay y el oro, a partir de testimonios representativos de diferentes actores sociales que formaron parte de la g\u00e9nesis de la cooperativa; as\u00ed como actuales representantes de la misma, es decir, agricultores, ingenieros agr\u00f3nomos, economistas, miembros de ongs, acad\u00e9micos, entre otros, se delimit\u00f3 la problem\u00e1tica, tanto hist\u00f3rica como actual del agricultor coste\u00f1o. Se procedi\u00f3, adem\u00e1s, al vaciado archiv\u00edstico y hemerogr\u00e1fico en diversas instituciones universitarias y equipos de investigaci\u00f3n, entre los que sobresalen, la universidad andina sim\u00f3n bol\u00edvar, la facultad latinoamericana de ciencias sociales (flacso), el sistema de investigaci\u00f3n de la problem\u00e1tica agraria en el ecuador (sipae), vinculado a la universidad central del ecuador; el centro andino de acci\u00f3n popular (caap), y el centro de educaci\u00f3n y capacitaci\u00f3n del campesinado del azuay (cecca), entre otros. los resultados de dicha investigaci\u00f3n se sintetizan en los siguientes puntos: a) el ciclo reformista agrario de las d\u00e9cadas sesenta y setenta tiene sus antecedentes inmediatos entre los a\u00f1os 1934 y 1948. Sin las consideraciones hist\u00f3ricas, geopol\u00edticas y econ\u00f3micas del entramado nacional e internacional que supuso la consolidaci\u00f3n del monocultivo de banano, especialmente el enclave propiedad de la united fruit company en la parroquia guayense de tenguel, y el gobierno de galo plaza lasso a partir de 1948, no se puede entender la evoluci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica posterior del territorio coste\u00f1o de ecuador. B) los programas de modernizaci\u00f3n rural trataron de eliminar las relaciones sociales de producci\u00f3n en las haciendas y plantaciones sustentadas por la burgues\u00eda ecuatoriana desde el siglo xix, e imbricar al antiguo campesinado aparcero en las relaciones de producci\u00f3n eminentemente capitalistas. C) las reformas agrarias fueron palanca de emancipaci\u00f3n y contexto de lucha pol\u00edtica; dieron legalidad parcial a colonizaciones que a\u00f1os antes se hab\u00edan consolidado en el litoral. Algunos campesinos obtuvieron tierras a partir de la acci\u00f3n colectiva, como lo hizo la urocal; pero en buena medida, la carencia de cr\u00e9dito e insumos, requeridos para la modernizaci\u00f3n de las fincas, provocar\u00eda la p\u00e9rdida de las tierras obtenidas. As\u00ed, de campesinos aparceros, pasar\u00edan por un breve lapso temporal a ser propietarios, para, despu\u00e9s, engrosar, progresivamente, las filas del trabajador rural bajo condiciones salariales y laborales precarias. D) la pluriactividad en el sector rural ecuatoriano se har\u00eda cada vez m\u00e1s patente, especialmente a partir de la d\u00e9cada de 1980. La urocal diversificar\u00eda sus actividades, en ocasiones de manera forzosa, como sucedi\u00f3 durante el invierno de 1982 a 1983, cuando el fen\u00f3meno clim\u00e1tico el ni\u00f1o devast\u00f3 los cultivos de cacao, primer proyecto agr\u00edcola iniciado a\u00f1os atr\u00e1s por la cooperativa. E) la heterogeneidad de productores y productores agr\u00edcolas, la tenencia de tierra, el tipo de cultivo, los sistemas de riego e infraestructuras, la misma localizaci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica de la finca, etc., Ponen de manifiesto la complejidad y diversidad del mundo rural. No obstante, para las \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas analizadas, 1990-2010, se establece una dicotom\u00eda entre peque\u00f1os agricultores organizados frente a cadenas de producci\u00f3n y comercializaci\u00f3n de banano. Sin obviar, agricultores sin tierra, trabajadores de plantaciones, actividades subsidiarias de la agricultura, peque\u00f1os negocios emergentes, etc., As\u00ed como el papel de la mujer en todo este proceso de transformaci\u00f3n rural. F) la agricultura org\u00e1nica y el denominado &quot;comercio justo&quot;, presentan una serie de problemas recientes causados por la incursi\u00f3n de los grandes patrimonios bananeros en dichas alternativas productivas y comerciales, en origen creadas para las peque\u00f1as econom\u00edas campesinas, como los agricultores mancomunados a la urocal. Estos hechos desplazan del mercado a los peque\u00f1os productores puesto que no pueden competir en precios, ni en productividad con los agronegocios. G) la organizaci\u00f3n de los agricultores es determinante, como lo ha sido a lo largo del periodo hist\u00f3rico investigado.  palabras clave: urocal, ecuador, historia agraria, organizaci\u00f3n social.  abstract from 1950 ecuador experienced radical transformations in all areas.  After second world war, the country entered into the international orbit, thanks to the expansion of banana monoculture, among other factors. Land reforms of 1964 and 1973, as part of the green revolution, changed the scenery and rural stakeholders. The modernization of the countryside left behind the mountain caciquism and the coastal share-croppings to adjust labour and social relationships to the capitalist system. Rural economies weakened because of a development model outside its rationality and soon, the peasantry, who had fought for land, formed a new rural proletariat in modern farms. Certain groups of peasants were brought together around agricultural cooperatives, which somehow would open new possibilities for survival. The case of the peasant organization urocal (regional union of campesino del litoral) is representative of the changes that took place in rural ecuador, especially in the southern coast of the country. the reasons that led to this research clarified the objectives of it. On one hand, the lack of literature of the coastal regions of ecuador required a wider investigation. On the other hand, the relevance of the agrarian cooperative, object of this study, thanks to its historical trajectory, revealed part of the andean country&apos;s contemporary history as well as the agrarian history of the ecuadorian littoral. In addition, this study sought to reassess the role of small farmers and their cooperation inside the complex market economy.  as part of the methodology of the research, a conducted fieldwork was performed on the same territory where the urocal developed, that is, populations from the provinces of guayas, azuay and el oro, based on relevant testimonies from different social actors who were part of the genesis of the cooperative, as well as current representatives (farmers, agronomists, economists, ngo members, professors and others). This way, the historical and current quandary of the coastal farmer was delimited. An archival and newspaper searching work was also carried out at several universities and research facilities, among we would like to remark sim\u00f3n bolivar university, the latin-american faculty for social sciences (flacso), the system agricultural research problems in ecuador (sipae), linked to the central university of ecuador, the andean center for popular action (caap), and the centre for education and training of farmers of azuay (cecca). the results of this research are summarized in the following points: a) the agrarian reform cycle of decades of the sixties and seventies has got its immediate precedents in the period between 1934 to 1948. Without considering the historical, geopolitical and economical changes  in the national and international networked that the consolidation of monoculture of the banana supposed, especially to the settlement owned by the united fruit company, located in the parish of tenguel and the government of galo plaza lasso from 1948, the posterior evolution of the coastal territory of ecuador cannot be understood. B) rural modernization programs tried to eliminate the social relations of production on farms and plantations supported by the ecuadorian bourgeoisie since the nineteenth century, and interweave the old peasant sharecropper in predominantly capitalist production relations. C) the agrarian reforms were a trigger for the emancipation and context of political struggle; gave partial legality to those settlements that had been established years ago. Some farmers obtained land from collective action, as did the urocal, although the lack of credit and inputs required for the modernization of farms, would cause its loss. This way, those peasant share-croppers who became proprietaries for a short period of time, gradually swelled the ranks of the rural working class under precarious conditions. D) the multiactivity of the ecuadorian rural sector became more and more obvious, especially since the 1980s. The urocal diversified its activities, sometimes forcibly, as happened during the winter of 1982-1983, when the climatic phenomenon el ni\u00f1o devastated the cocoa crops, first agricultural project started years ago by the cooperative. E) the heterogeneity of producers and farmers, land tenure, crop type, irrigation systems and infrastructure, the geographical location of the farm itself etc., Reveal the complexity and diversity of the countryside. However, on the last decades analyzed, 1990-2010 a dichotomy between small farmers organized against production lines and marketing of banana was observed. Without forgetting, landless farmers, plantation workers, subsidiary activities of agriculture, small emerging businesses etc., And the role of women in this process of rural transformation. F) organic agriculture and the so-called &quot;fair trade&quot;, presents a series of recent problems caused by the incursion of  fortunes in such alternatives banana production and trade, originally created for small peasant economies, such as farmers pooled to urocal. These events move small farmers away from de market because they can`t compete on price or  productivity. G) the organization of farmers is crucial, as it has been throughout the historical period investigated. keywords:  urocal, ecuador, agrarian history, social organization.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Datos acad\u00e9micos de la tesis doctoral \u00ab<strong>Historia agraria y organizaci\u00f3n social en la costa austral de ecuador, 1950-2010. estudio de caso de una cooperativa agr\u00edcola: la uni\u00f3n regional de organizaciones campesinas del litoral, urocal.<\/strong>\u00ab<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u00edtulo de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 Historia agraria y organizaci\u00f3n social en la costa austral de ecuador, 1950-2010. estudio de caso de una cooperativa agr\u00edcola: la uni\u00f3n regional de organizaciones campesinas del litoral, urocal. <\/li>\n<li><strong>Autor:<\/strong>\u00a0 German Carrillo Garcia <\/li>\n<li><strong>Universidad:<\/strong>\u00a0 Murcia<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fecha de lectura de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 31\/05\/2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Direcci\u00f3n y tribunal<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Director de la tesis<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Luc\u00eda Provencio Garrig\u00f3s<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tribunal<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Presidente del tribunal: Juan Marchena fernandez <\/li>\n<li>justo Cu\u00f1o bonito (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>Andr\u00e9s Pedre\u00f1o c\u00e1novas (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>izaskun Alvarez cuartero (vocal)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tesis doctoral de German Carrillo Garcia Resumen tesis: historia agraria y organizaci\u00f3n social en la costa austral de ecuador, 1950-2010. 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