{"id":114486,"date":"2013-11-07T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2013-11-07T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/sin-categoria\/antropizacion-de-un-sistema-acua%c2%adfero-multicapa-mediterraneo-campo-de-cartagena-se-espana-aproximaciones-hidrodinamicas-geoqua%c2%admicas-e-isotopicas\/"},"modified":"2013-11-07T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2013-11-07T00:00:00","slug":"antropizacion-de-un-sistema-acua%c2%adfero-multicapa-mediterraneo-campo-de-cartagena-se-espana-aproximaciones-hidrodinamicas-geoqua%c2%admicas-e-isotopicas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/ciencias-de-la-tierra-y-del-espacio\/antropizacion-de-un-sistema-acua%c2%adfero-multicapa-mediterraneo-campo-de-cartagena-se-espana-aproximaciones-hidrodinamicas-geoqua%c2%admicas-e-isotopicas\/","title":{"rendered":"Antropizaci\u00f3n de un sistema acu\u00edfero multicapa mediterr\u00e1neo (campo de cartagena, se espa\u00f1a). aproximaciones hidrodin\u00e1micas, geoqu\u00edmicas e isot\u00f3picas."},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Tesis doctoral de <strong> Paul Jean Theo Baudron <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Titulo: &quot;antropizaci\u00f3n de un sistema acu\u00edfero multicapas del mediterr\u00e1neo (campo de cartagena, se espa\u00f1a). Aproximaciones hidrodin\u00e1micas, geoqu\u00edmicas e isot\u00f3picas.&Quot;     el campo de cartagena constituye un caso paradigm\u00e1tico en el que se pueden observar importantes modificaciones hidrol\u00f3gicas y ambientales relacionadas con el uso intensivo de aguas subterr\u00e1neas para regad\u00edo en zonas semi\u00e1ridas del mediterr\u00e1neo. En el \u00faltimo siglo, esta zona hist\u00f3ricamente des\u00e9rtica se ha convertido en una de las \u00e1reas agr\u00edcolas m\u00e1s productivas del pa\u00eds. El desarrollo agr\u00edcola se ha basado en el uso de las aguas subterr\u00e1neas, con la perforaci\u00f3n de captaciones cada vez m\u00e1s profundas en el acu\u00edfero multicapa. El gran n\u00famero de sondeos ranurados en todos los tramos permeables atravesados, ha permitido la conexi\u00f3n artificial entre los distintos acu\u00edferos. De forma paralela se produc\u00eda un aumento de la recarga por retorno de riego con la consiguiente subida de los niveles piezom\u00e9tricos en el acu\u00edfero superior, lo que ha dado lugar a un caudal permanente en el curso bajo de la red hidrogr\u00e1fica, al que se suman parte del agua de rechazo de desaladoras de agua subterr\u00e1nea, confluyendo todo ello en la laguna del mar menor. En este contexto, la comprensi\u00f3n de la compleja evoluci\u00f3n del sistema h\u00eddrico es un reto cient\u00edfico de primer orden.  la investigaci\u00f3n realizada se ha centrado en tres aspectos principales. El primero ha supuesto una importante tarea bibliogr\u00e1fica de recopilaci\u00f3n de todo tipo de informaci\u00f3n acerca de la evoluci\u00f3n temporal de los acu\u00edferos, que ha podido ser parcialmente reconstituida. Se ha evidenciado la inversi\u00f3n de los gradientes hidr\u00e1ulicos verticales entre los tres primeros tramos acu\u00edferos, con una bajada de los niveles de m\u00e1s de 500 m en el acu\u00edfero m\u00e1s profundo. Una revisi\u00f3n del inventario de los sondeos mostr\u00f3 que las asignaciones del acu\u00edfero de procedencia de las aguas de cada sondeo en muchos son casos err\u00f3neas. Este aspecto ha motivado el desarrollo de una metodolog\u00eda basada en el aprendizaje autom\u00e1tico (random forest) para identificar el acu\u00edfero de origen de muestras de agua subterr\u00e1nea a partir de los an\u00e1lisis disponibles de elementos mayoritarios. El modelo efectuado ha alcanzado una exactitud del 95% y se han clasificado 107 muestras de origen desconocido.  el segundo eje de investigaci\u00f3n estuvo motivado por la dificultad de actualizar el balance h\u00eddrico del sistema acu\u00edfero, donde el incierto retorno de riego se suma a la infiltraci\u00f3n de la precipitaci\u00f3n como fuente de recarga del acu\u00edfero superficial. Se emplearon trazadores ambientales (14c, 13c, 2h, 18o, 3h), combinados con perfiles de temperatura de alta resoluci\u00f3n en sondeos. Se han evidenciado procesos de mezcla a escala local (interior del sondeo) y regional (dentro de los acu\u00edferos). Se han obtenido tasas de recarga en el denominado periodo de pre-antropizaci\u00f3n de 17 mm\/a\u00f1o en las zonas m\u00e1s elevadas, e inferiores a 10 mm\/a\u00f1o en la zona de llanura. Como respuesta al desarrollo de la actividad agr\u00edcola en la llanura, la tasa actual de recarga se ha cifrado en 210 mm\/a\u00f1o, seg\u00fan los resultados de los trazadores empleados.  el tercer eje de investigaci\u00f3n ha consistido en la cuantificaci\u00f3n de la descarga submarina de agua subterr\u00e1nea (sgd) hacia la laguna del mar menor mediante la aplicaci\u00f3n de is\u00f3topos del rad\u00f3n (222rn) y radio (223ra, 224ra). Estas medidas se han combinado con una modelizaci\u00f3n hidrodin\u00e1mica de la laguna para comprender el impacto de las aportaciones de esos trazadores a trav\u00e9s de la red de superficie. Han sido localizadas las zonas de influencia de la pluma de radion\u00faclidos de la rambla, las principales zonas de sgd y los rechazos de salmueras. Los balances de masa en dos campa\u00f1as realizadas en \u00e9poca de verano e invierno han proporcionado flujos de sgd de 7.2 a 15.9 108 m3.A\u00f1o-1 (222rn), 21.9 a 44.7 108 m3.A\u00f1o-1 (224ra) y 6.9 108 m3.A\u00f1o-1 (223ra, en invierno), mientras la descarga de agua subterr\u00e1nea dulce originada por el acu\u00edfero ha sido evaluada en un 1% de las sgd totales.  finalmente, cabe destacar que los m\u00e9todos implementados en esta investigaci\u00f3n en el caso del campo de cartagena pueden ser extrapolados a otros \u00e1mbitos mediterr\u00e1neos donde la explotaci\u00f3n del agua subterr\u00e1nea sigue una evoluci\u00f3n comparable, continua y aparentemente inexorable.  palabras clave: antropizaci\u00f3n, clima semi\u00e1rido, mar mediterr\u00e1neo, trazadores medioambientales, recarga de acu\u00edfero, descarga submarina de agua subterr\u00e1nea, random forest, acu\u00edfero multicapa, laguna costera, sondeos completamente ranurados.    versi\u00f3n en ingles  title:  &quot;anthropization of a semiarid mediterranean multilayer aquifer system (campo de cartagena, se spain). Hydrodynamic, geochemical and isotopic approaches.  abstract:   the campo de cartagena area in the murcia region (se spain) is an emblematic case and an extreme illustration of the hydrological and environmental changes caused by the intensive use of groundwater for agriculture in semiarid mediterranean areas. This area, historically a desert, it now represents one the most productive agricultural areas of the country. In the absence of surface water, the agricultural development was based on the use of groundwater from the underlying multi-layer aquifer system, leading to the overexploitation of the deeper layers, while irrigation return flow and the subsequent increased recharge rates caused the increase of water table levels in the unconfined aquifer. A large number of boreholes are screened in several aquifers and allow an artificial connection between different groundwater masses. The water table increase in the shallow aquifer, together with the release of brines from private groundwater desalination plants, induced a permanent surface flow of water to the main outlet of the system, the mar menor lagoon. In this context, understanding the complex evolution of the whole system and how the hydric balance is affected is a hard task.   three main aspects are treated in this dissertation. The first one represented a wide bibliographic task in order to collect nearly all information on the evolution of the aquifers. The evolution along one century of the multi-layer aquifer system could be partly reconstituted, highlighting the inversion of the vertical hydraulic gradient between the upper aquifers and the decrease of water table levels by more than 500 m in the last century for the deepest aquifer level. An inventory revision of tubewells showed that some previous studies misinterpreted the piezometric and geochemical time-series by mistaking aquifer corresponding to each tubewell. A method was therefore developed based on a supervised classification method, the random forest (rf) machine learning technique, to identify the layer from where groundwater samples were extracted. The classification reached accuracy over 95%. 107 groundwater samples of unknown origin and featuring a complete set of variables could be classified.   the second research axis was motivated by the difficulty to update the hydric balance of the multi-layer aquifer when irrigation return flow represents an additional source of recharge, added to the limited rainfall infiltration. Environmental tracers (14c, 13c, 2h, 18o, 3h) were combined to high-resolution temperature loggings to investigate the long-term evolution of recharge in the campo de cartagena aquifer system once identified in situ the depth of origin of groundwater. Mixing processes were evidenced at local (inside boreholes) and regional scale (inside the aquifers). Both pre-anthropization and post-anthropization samples were identified and mean residence times were calculated. Before the development of agriculture, recharge varied from 17 mm.A-1 in the mountain ranges to 6 mm.A-1 in the plain. In response to the increase of agricultural activity, recharge fluxes to the plain were amplified and nowadays reach up to 210 mm.A-1   the third research axis consisted in quantifying submarine groundwater discharge (sgd) and deciphering the influence of the different water sources on the mar menor. A radon (222rn) and radium (223ra, 224ra) survey was combined with the hydrodynamic modeling of the lagoon. The areas of influence of the plume of radionuclides from the river were identified, the main areas of sgd were located and a location for a submarine emissary was proposed. Mass balances in winter and summer seasons provided yearly sgd fluxes of water of 7.2-15.9 108 m3.A-1 (222rn), 21.9-44.7 108 m3.A-1 (224ra) and 6.9 108 m3.A-1 (223ra, measured in winter only) while fresh submarine groundwater discharge from the aquifer was about 1% of total sgd.  these results present a wide interest that is not limited to the murcia region or the campo de cartagena aquifer. The methods developed in this thesis might also be used in other mediterranean sites where groundwater exploitation seems to follow a continuous and inevitable increase.  keywords: anthropization, semiarid climate, mediterranean sea, environmental tracers, aquifer recharge, submarine groundwater discharge, random forest, multilayer aquifer, coastal lagoon, longscreened boreholes.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Datos acad\u00e9micos de la tesis doctoral \u00ab<strong>Antropizaci\u00f3n de un sistema acu\u00edfero multicapa mediterr\u00e1neo (campo de cartagena, se espa\u00f1a). aproximaciones hidrodin\u00e1micas, geoqu\u00edmicas e isot\u00f3picas.<\/strong>\u00ab<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u00edtulo de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 Antropizaci\u00f3n de un sistema acu\u00edfero multicapa mediterr\u00e1neo (campo de cartagena, se espa\u00f1a). aproximaciones hidrodin\u00e1micas, geoqu\u00edmicas e isot\u00f3picas. <\/li>\n<li><strong>Autor:<\/strong>\u00a0 Paul Jean Theo Baudron <\/li>\n<li><strong>Universidad:<\/strong>\u00a0 Murcia<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fecha de lectura de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 11\/07\/2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Direcci\u00f3n y tribunal<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Director de la tesis<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Christian Leduc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tribunal<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Presidente del tribunal: jos\u00e9 Benavente herrera <\/li>\n<li>florent Barbecot (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>severin Pistre (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>christian Leduc (vocal)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tesis doctoral de Paul Jean Theo Baudron Titulo: &quot;antropizaci\u00f3n de un sistema acu\u00edfero multicapas del mediterr\u00e1neo (campo de cartagena, se [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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