{"id":115041,"date":"2018-03-11T10:43:21","date_gmt":"2018-03-11T10:43:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/sin-categoria\/lodos-de-depuradora-una-vision-integral-para-su-posible-aplicacion-a-suelos-desde-una-perspectiva-agra%c2%adcola\/"},"modified":"2018-03-11T10:43:21","modified_gmt":"2018-03-11T10:43:21","slug":"lodos-de-depuradora-una-vision-integral-para-su-posible-aplicacion-a-suelos-desde-una-perspectiva-agra%c2%adcola","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/tecnologia-de-aguas-residuales\/lodos-de-depuradora-una-vision-integral-para-su-posible-aplicacion-a-suelos-desde-una-perspectiva-agra%c2%adcola\/","title":{"rendered":"Lodos de depuradora: una visi\u00f3n integral para su posible aplicaci\u00f3n a suelos desde una perspectiva agr\u00edcola"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Tesis doctoral de <strong> Francisco Jose Murcia Navarro <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Resumen dentro de los usos que se puede ofrecer a los lodos edar, debido a que contienen una cantidad elevada de materia org\u00e1nica y un m\u00e1s que aceptable contenido en elementos nutricionales, es su consideraci\u00f3n (siempre que no hayan elementos en contra que introduzcan toxicidad) como enmiendas org\u00e1nicas o incluso, como fertilizantes org\u00e1nicos, susceptibles de ser reciclados en los suelos y conseguir para los mismos una mejora en productividad, fertilidad, y por tanto un su calidad. Precisamente, en zonas como la regi\u00f3n de murcia donde existen una continua degradaci\u00f3n de suelos que les lleva a perder materia org\u00e1nica, as\u00ed como productividad desde un punto de vista agron\u00f3mico, la posibilidad de disponer de fuentes ex\u00f3genas de materia org\u00e1nica como los lodos edar, que puedan ser recicladas en los suelos, es algo muy a tener presente. Por tanto, una posible soluci\u00f3n mejorar la calidad de suelos agr\u00edcolas ser\u00eda entonces emplear como fuente de materia org\u00e1nica para ellos aquella contenida en los lodos edar, consiguiendo de este modo, por una parte, mejorar la fertilidad de dichos suelos, y por otra, eliminar racionalmente los residuos mediante su reciclado en dichos suelos (conversi\u00f3n de un residuo en un recurso).  en este contexto, esta tesis doctoral se propuso como objetivo principal generar conocimiento sobre una gran cantidad de lodos producidos en nuestra comunidad aut\u00f3noma, con \u00e1nimo de comprobar sus posibilidades para reciclarlos en suelo desde un punto de vista agron\u00f3mico, e incluso ambiental. Este estudio valora par\u00e1metros de \u00edndole agron\u00f3mico que pueden justificar la consideraci\u00f3n de los lodos como &quot;enmiendas org\u00e1nicas&quot; o incluso &quot;fertilizantes org\u00e1nicos&quot;, ya que la finalidad de este estudio es conocer la posibilidad de reciclar lodos en los suelos agr\u00edcolas de la regi\u00f3n de murcia.  para alcanzar este objetivo general, la tesis doctoral ha llevado a cabo una parte experimental consistente en una amplia serie de anal\u00edticas, realizadas sobre lodos edar producidos en un conjunto de depuradoras de tratamiento de aguas urbanas situadas en la comunidad aut\u00f3noma de murcia (30 en total), cerca del 90 % del total de lodos que se producen en nuestra regi\u00f3n. La mencionada parte experimental ha consistido en los correspondientes muestreos (tres al a\u00f1o, para poder comprobar la posible variabilidad estacional de los lodos), as\u00ed como la determinaci\u00f3n en todas las muestras de un set de par\u00e1metros al objeto de monitorizar su comportamiento cara a poder reciclar lodos edar en los suelos desde una perspectiva agron\u00f3mica. Se han estudiado par\u00e1metros de tipo f\u00edsico (contenido en humedad), par\u00e1metros f\u00edsico-qu\u00edmicos (ph y ce),  nutricionales (macro y micronutrientes), y otros de \u00edndole ambiental (metales pesados, contaminantes org\u00e1nicos como bifenilos, las, nonifenoles y, pah,s). Tambi\u00e9n se ha llevado a cabo un estudio sobre par\u00e1metros indicativos de la actividad y la biomasa microbiana de los lodos, tanto de \u00edndole &quot;general&quot;, tales como la respiraci\u00f3n de suelo, el contenido de adenos\u00edn trifosfato (atp) y de carbono de la biomasa microbiana, como de \u00edndole &quot;especifico&quot; entre los que citaremos a diversas actividades enzim\u00e1ticas (oxidorreductasas como la actividad deshidrogenasa, como hidrolasas: ureasas, fosfatasas y b-glucosidasas).  asimismo, se han determinado par\u00e1metros  referidos a su problem\u00e1tica microbiol\u00f3gica ligada a microorganismos pat\u00f3genos contenidos en los lodos estudiados. Esta fase del estudio se consider\u00f3 de inter\u00e9s debido a la importancia que el grado de higienizaci\u00f3n de los lodos puede tener en un futuro. Por \u00faltimo, se estudi\u00f3 la ecotoxicidad de los residuos, empleando un bioensayo de luminiscencia con la bacteria photobacterium phosphoreum. La evaluaci\u00f3n de la fitotoxicidad de los lodos mediante ensayos de germinaci\u00f3n (test de plantas) de dos especies vegetales de diferente grado de sensibilidad a los efectos de la contaminaci\u00f3n: cebada (hordeum vulgare l.) Y berro (lepidium sativum l.) Se ha considerado adecuada en este estudio. todas las muestras, tomadas en las condiciones adecuadas de muestreo, se muestrearon por triplicado para poder someter las mismas a tratamiento estad\u00edstico.  la conclusion general a este estudio, es que la mayor parte de los lodos edar estudiados por nosotros pueden ser usados como una fuente de materia org\u00e1nica apropiada para ser adicionada a suelos con \u00e1nimo de conseguir mejorar en los mismos su productividad y fertilidad. Sin embargo, la salinidad que pueden aportar, as\u00ed como elementos t\u00f3xicos tales como metales pesados puede suponer tambi\u00e9n una traba, y por ello interesa que contengan una cantidad m\u00ednima de los mismos.  se recuerda en este punto, que para el uso agr\u00edcola de lodos se sigue la legislaci\u00f3n marcada en el real decreto 1310\/1990, en donde se se\u00f1alan las cantidades m\u00e1ximas de metal pesado que pueden contener los lodos para poder ser usados en agricultura. Por supuesto, otros aspectos como los contenidos en microorganismos patog\u00e9nicos, o incluso compuestos carbonados dif\u00edcilmente volatilizables deben ser considerados m\u00e1s que por la problem\u00e1tica inmediata, por su potencialidad en el futuro. Se concluye pues que hay que conocer mediante una exhaustiva anal\u00edtica, el material que ser\u00e1 reciclado en un suelo (en este caso, los lodos), para as\u00ed comprobar que est\u00e1 exento de riesgos.  hemos asimismo de se\u00f1alar que no se detectan efectos negativos en algunos par\u00e1metros de calidad, como los relacionados con actividad microbiana. Sin embargo, hemos de tener presente que se ponen de manifiesto efectos positivos derivados de la carga org\u00e1nica de los lodos (biota), y otros negativos derivados de su posible contaminaci\u00f3n; si los positivos superan a los negativos, \u00e9stos \u00faltimos no se manifiestan, pero no indica que no est\u00e9n presentes. Algo tambi\u00e9n a tener presente es el antagonismo o sinergismo que puede darse entre diversos metales o contaminantes, los cuales pueden marcar una pauta de comportamiento. Todo esto confirma la necesidad de conocer de la manera m\u00e1s adecuada posible, la calidad de la enmienda o fertilizante org\u00e1nico que se puede usar. el tratamiento al que se someten los lodos en la planta de tratamiento tiene incidencia sobre algunos de los par\u00e1metros estudiados en este memoria; pero la calidad de las aguas entrantes, o incluso la zona donde se sit\u00faan las depuradoras (zona con intervenciones met\u00e1licas, por ejemplo), es m\u00e1s incidente en muchos de los casos, que el propio tratamiento. de manera complementaria y al igual que ocurre con el programa de caracterizaci\u00f3n de lodos de depuradoras generados en espa\u00f1a publicado por el ministerio de medio ambiente en 2009 y el plan nacional de lodos de depuradora integrado dentro del plan nacional integrado de residuos 2008-2015, con esta memoria se ha pretendido mejorar el conocimiento sobre la composici\u00f3n de los lodos de las depuradoras de aguas residuales en la comunidad aut\u00f3noma de la regi\u00f3n de murcia y por ende del estado espa\u00f1ol (metales pesados, par\u00e1metros agron\u00f3micos, pat\u00f3genos y contaminantes org\u00e1nicos), con la finalidad \u00faltima de utilizar los conocimientos derivados de esta tesis para la revisi\u00f3n del plan nacional de lodos de depuradora integrado dentro del plan nacional integrado de residuos 2008-2015.   summary due to the significant quantities of organic matter and nutritional elements that wwtp sludges contain, the most important potential application of this waste is as an organic amendment or even as an organic fertilizer (provided it does not contain toxic elements as well). Such sludges can be recycled in the soil and thus improve the productivity, fertility and, ultimately, the quality of the soil. In areas like the region of murcia where soil degradation is incessant, resulting in lost organic matter and lost agricultural productivity, the possibility of obtaining exogenous sources of organic matter like wwtp sludges that can be recycled in the soil is particularly attractive. Using wwtp sludges as a source of organic matter is therefore one possible solution for improving the quality of agricultural soils. This would not only improve soil fertility, but also provide a means to rationally eliminate waste by recycling it in degraded soils (thus converting waste into a resource). Nevertheless, this recycling process should be able to be carried out without posing a risk to the soil on account of the excessive toxic elements that sludges sometimes contain. When the toxic elements in sludges reach levels that constitute a risk to the soils where they are to be recycled, their use as an amendment should be prohibited. the main goal of this doctoral thesis was to generate knowledge about a significant number of the sludges produced in our region in order to assess their potential for being recycled in the soil from an agricultural as well as environmental point of view. Given this ultimate purpose &#8211; to determine the possibility of recycling sludges in agricultural soils in the region of murcia &#8211; agronomic parameters were evaluated that could be used to justify the use of sludges as &quot;organic amendments&quot; or even as &quot;organic fertilizers&quot;. The treatment processes the sludges were submitted to (mainly anaerobic or prolonged aerobic) were also considered as variables in some of the parameters studied. to achieve this overall goal, this doctoral thesis includes an experimental component in which a wide range of analyses were performed on wwtp sludges produced in a group of urban wastewater treatment plants located in the region of murcia (a total of 30). These treatment plants generate about 90% of the total sludge produced in the region. The experimental component of the thesis involved collecting samples at three different times of the year (in order to evaluate for possible seasonal variability among the sludges) and determining a set of parameters in all samples in order to monitor their behaviour and thus assess the possibility of recycling wwtp sludges in agricultural soils. The following parameters were studied: physical parameters (moisture content); physical-chemical parameters (ph and ec); nutritional parameters (macro and micronutrients); and other parameters of an environmental nature (heavy metals, organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls, las, nonylphenols and pahs). A study was also conducted on parameters indicative of the microbial activity and biomass of the different sludges, both of a &quot;general&quot; nature, such as soil respiration and the adenosine triphosphate (atp) and carbon content of the microbial biomass, and of a &quot;specific&quot; nature, including various enzymatic activities (of oxidoreductases, such as dehydrogenases; and of hydrolases, such as ureases, phosphatases and  -glucosidases).  furthermore, parameters were determined for microbiological problems linked to the pathogens contained in the sludges studied. This phase of the study was deemed of interest given the potential importance that the degree to which sludges are sanitised may have in the future. Finally, the ecotoxicity of the wastes was studied by means of a bioassay using the luminescent bacteria photobacterium phosphoreum. For the purposes of this study, it was considered adequate to assess the phytotoxicity of the sludges by means of germination assays (a test using plant seeds) of two plant species displaying different degrees of sensitivity to the effects of sludge phytotoxicity, as are barley (hordeum vulgare l.) And cress (lepidium sativum l.). all samples, taken in appropriate sampling conditions, were collected in triplicate so they could be submitted to statistical treatment.  the general conclusion of this thesis is that most of the wwtp sludges studied can be used as a suitable source of organic matter for amending soils with the goal of improving soil productivity and fertility. However, sludges can also pose a threat to the soil by adding salinity and toxic elements such as heavy metals. It is thus important that sludges contain minimum amounts of these substances.  it is worth recalling that the agricultural use of sludges is currently regulated by legislation in spain, by the royal decree 1310\/1990, which indicates the maximum amounts of heavy metal that sludges can contain for agricultural use. In determining this quality, it is also of course important to take other aspects into consideration such as pathogenic microorganism content and even the amount of minimally volatile carbon compounds, and not just for the immediate problems they pose, but also due to their potential to cause problems in the future. It is therefore essential to perform comprehensive analyses of materials that are to be recycled in soils (in this case, sludges) to ensure they are free of risk.  it is of note that no adverse effects were detected in some of the quality parameters studied, such as those linked to microbial activity. However, we must keep in mind that the organic content of sludges (biota) demonstrates positive effects but that it can also have negative effects resulting from possible contamination. If the positives outweigh the negatives, the latter do not show up, but this does not mean they are not present. Another thing to consider is the antagonism or synergism that can occur between different metals or contaminants, both of which can set a behavioural pattern. All of these concerns accentuate the need to understand to the greatest extent possible the quality of the amendments or organic fertilizers that are to be used in the soil. the treatment processes sludges went through in the treatment plant influenced some of the parameters studied in this thesis. Nevertheless, the quality of incoming water or even the location of the treatment plants (areas with metal operations, for example) had an even greater impact in many cases than the treatment process itself. the goal of this thesis was to improve knowledge about the composition of the sludges produced in wastewater treatment plants in the autonomous community of the region of murcia and, ultimately, in spain as a whole (heavy metals, agronomic parameters, pathogens and organic contaminants). This objective complements the programa de caracterizaci\u00f3n de lodos de depuradoras generados en espa\u00f1a  published by the ministry of environment in 2009 and the plan nacional de lodos de depuradora , which is part of the plan nacional integrado de residuos 2008-2015 . The ultimate aim of this thesis is to apply the knowledge acquired to revising the plan nacional de lodos de depuradora (part of the plan nacional integrado de residuos 2008-2015).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Datos acad\u00e9micos de la tesis doctoral \u00ab<strong>Lodos de depuradora: una visi\u00f3n integral para su posible aplicaci\u00f3n a suelos desde una perspectiva agr\u00edcola<\/strong>\u00ab<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u00edtulo de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 Lodos de depuradora: una visi\u00f3n integral para su posible aplicaci\u00f3n a suelos desde una perspectiva agr\u00edcola <\/li>\n<li><strong>Autor:<\/strong>\u00a0 Francisco Jose Murcia Navarro <\/li>\n<li><strong>Universidad:<\/strong>\u00a0 Murcia<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fecha de lectura de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 18\/12\/2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Direcci\u00f3n y tribunal<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Director de la tesis<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Carlos Garc\u00eda Izquierdo<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tribunal<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Presidente del tribunal: Antonio Cerda cerda <\/li>\n<li>Miguel angel Camara botia (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>Mar\u00eda teresa Hern\u00e1ndez fern\u00e1ndez (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>Juan  ignacio Moreno s\u00e1nchez (vocal)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tesis doctoral de Francisco Jose Murcia Navarro Resumen dentro de los usos que se puede ofrecer a los lodos edar, 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