{"id":116611,"date":"2014-07-11T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2014-07-11T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/sin-categoria\/estudio-electrorretinografico-en-un-biomodelo-de-glaucoma-cronico-en-ga%c2%b6ttingen-minipig\/"},"modified":"2014-07-11T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2014-07-11T00:00:00","slug":"estudio-electrorretinografico-en-un-biomodelo-de-glaucoma-cronico-en-ga%c2%b6ttingen-minipig","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/patologia-experimental\/estudio-electrorretinografico-en-un-biomodelo-de-glaucoma-cronico-en-ga%c2%b6ttingen-minipig\/","title":{"rendered":"Estudio electrorretinogr\u00e1fico en un biomodelo de glaucoma cr\u00f3nico en g\u00c1\u00b6ttingen minipig."},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Tesis doctoral de <strong> Carlos Mico Valls <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>La electrorretinograf\u00eda es una t\u00e9cnica que permite evaluar de forma objetiva, la funci\u00f3n retinal durante el proceso de transformaci\u00f3n de un est\u00edmulo luminoso en una respuesta el\u00e9ctrica. En nuestro estudio, se reproduce un biomodelo de glaucoma cr\u00f3nico humano de \u00e1ngulo abierto en g\u00ed\u00b6ttingen minipig. Este biomodelo de glaucoma se consigue mediante la cauterizaci\u00f3n de las venas epiesclerales de uno de sus ojos, estando ya previamente validado en cerdo. Nuestros objetivos comprenden primeramente, la valoraci\u00f3n de la evoluci\u00f3n de la presi\u00f3n intraocular a lo largo de un periodo cercano al a\u00f1o (50 semanas), la estandarizaci\u00f3n de un protocolo electrorretinogr\u00e1fico en el g\u00ed\u00b6ttinger minipig y mediante el mismo, analizar los cambios producidos en el electrorretinograma como consecuencia del aumento sostenido de la presi\u00f3n intraocular. Esto nos permitir\u00e1 crear un modelo de neurodegeneraci\u00f3n producido por el glaucoma experimental. Por \u00faltimo, se analizar\u00e1 el modelo de neurodegeneraci\u00f3n para encontrar patrones electrofisiol\u00f3gicos tempranos de dicho proceso. Todos estos datos se comparar\u00e1n con la bibliograf\u00eda existente tanto a nivel de estudios realizados en humanos, como en otros biomodelos. este estudio fue realizado en los ojos de 5 cerdos g\u00ed\u00b6ttingen minipig con edades en torno a los 5 meses. Tras confirmar la aptitud de los ojos para el estudio, a cada uno de los animales se les realiz\u00f3 un estudio cl\u00ednico electrorretinogr\u00e1fico inicial, basado en las recomendaciones descritas por el ecvo y el iscev. El test electroretinogr\u00e1fico se divide en tres pruebas, donde son recogidas las respuestas de la retina a est\u00edmulos de alta frecuencia (30hz) y est\u00edmulos de baja frecuencia (4hz) en condiciones fot\u00f3picas y en escot\u00f3picas.  una vez obtenidos los registros electrorretinogr\u00e1ficos basales, se procede a la cauterizaci\u00f3n de las venas epiesclerales dorsales y ventrales de ojo izquierdo de cada animal. Este dise\u00f1o experimental posibilita obtener en el mismo individuo un ojo control y un ojo experimental. Dicha cirug\u00eda permiti\u00f3 obtener una presi\u00f3n intraocular por encima de los valores normales, con un rango comprendido entre los 25 y 40 mmhg y mantenido a lo largo de todas las semanas de estudio. Nuevos estudios electrorretinogr\u00e1ficos se repitieron posteriormente a los 2 y 4 meses tras la cirug\u00eda.  el an\u00e1lisis de los resultados electrorretinogr\u00e1ficos obtenidos, permiti\u00f3 mostrar  una relaci\u00f3n estad\u00edsticamente significativa entre el aumento de presi\u00f3n intraocular conseguida en el ojo a estudio, y el descenso de los valores de las ondas del electrorretinograma en dichos ojos. La comparativa realizada entre los valores electrorretinogr\u00e1ficos basales y el ojo derecho control, con los datos obtenidos en el ojo izquierdo intervenido, evidencian la existencia de alteraciones en las ondas electrorretinogr\u00e1ficas.  estas alteraciones quedan reflejadas primeramente en los valores de la onda-b, la onda-i y el phnr del electrorretinograma y posteriormente se extienden al resto de los componentes electrorretinogr\u00e1ficos. Estas ondas muestran un decrecimiento en su amplitud y latencia conforme avanza el tiempo de estudio y la presi\u00f3n intraocular elevada es mantenida. Dicho decrecimiento muestra un patr\u00f3n, afectando primero a los componentes electrorretinogr\u00e1ficos encargados de evaluar la funci\u00f3n de las c\u00e9lulas ganglionares, as\u00ed como tambi\u00e9n cuanto mayor es el tiempo de adaptaci\u00f3n a condiciones escot\u00f3picas. Esta misma progresi\u00f3n de los valores electrorretinogr\u00e1ficos de las ondas, ha sido ya descrita tanto en otros biomodelos de glaucoma experimental, como en personas afectadas por glaucoma cr\u00f3nico de \u00e1ngulo abierto. Los hallazgos encontrados en nuestro estudio son hom\u00f3logos a los que describe la bibliograf\u00eda existente. dentro de los par\u00e1metros cuyos valores muestran afectaci\u00f3n debido al aumento sostenido de la presi\u00f3n intraocular, el componente phnr presenta evidencias de una mayor precocidad en la detecci\u00f3n los efectos producidos por dicha presi\u00f3n, en la respuesta de la retina. Los resultados obtenidos en nuestro estudio muestran que, en los ojos intervenidos, este componente posee un mayor n\u00famero de valores fuera del rango normalidad desde el inicio del estudio electrorretinogr\u00e1fico y as\u00ed mismo, no presenta alteraci\u00f3n en el ojo control. Otros componentes como la onda-i y los valores de onda-b en condiciones escot\u00f3picas, presentan valores similares al phnr pero no de forma tan precoz. Se representa as\u00ed pues al componente phnr como un importante marcador que permite el estudio y evaluaci\u00f3n de los efectos que produce un aumento de presi\u00f3n intraocular sostenido, en la funci\u00f3n electrofisiol\u00f3gica de la retina.    the electroretinography is a technique that allows us, in an objective way, to test the function of the retina during the transformation process of a light stimulus into an electrical response. In this study, a biomodel of human chronic open-angle glaucoma is reproduced in gottinguen minipigs. This glaucoma biomodel is made by the cauterization of episcleral veins in one of their eyes, this was previously described for pigs. Our main objectives include: firstly, the evaluation of the intraocular pressure evolution throughout a period of nearly a year (50 weeks). Secondly, the standardization of an electroretinographic protocol in the gottinguer minipig and, by means of it, the analysis of the changes produced in the electroretinogram after a sustained increase of the intraocular pressure. This will allow us to generate a model of neurodegeneration produced by the experimental glaucoma. And lastly, we will analyse the model of neurodegeneration in order to find early electrofisiological patterns in the mentioned process. All these data will be compared with the current bibliography about studies done in humans as well as in other biomodels. this test was done in the eyes of five gottinguen minipigs aged around five months. After verifying the suitability of the eyes for the study, a first electroretinografic clinic study was done to each animal, based on the detailed recommendations of the ecvo and iscev. The electroretinographic test is divided into three different tests, in which we gather the responses of the retine to high(30hz) and low (4hz) frequency stimuli in photopic and scotopic conditions. once we have obtained the basal electroretinographic values, we continue by cauterizing the dorsal and ventral episcleral veins in the left eye of each animal. this experimental design gives us the possibility of obtaining in the same individual a control eye and an experimental eye. Such surgery gave a result of an intraocular pressure above the standard values, with a rank of values between 25 and 40 mmhg, and were maintained all over the test period. New electroretinographic studies were repeated later, two and four months after the surgery. the analysis of the obtained electroretinographic results, gave us the possibility of showing a statistically significant relation between the increase of the intraocular pressure achieved in the eyes tested and the decrease of the electroretinogram wave values in those eyes. This comparison made between the basal electroretinographic values and the control right eye to the obtained data from the operated left eye, showed the presence of alterations in the electroretinographic waves. these alterations are showed first in the b-wave, the i-wave and the phnr values of the electroretinogram and are later reflected on the rest of electroretinographic components. These waves show a decrease in their amplitude and latency as the time of the study progresses and the high intraocular pressure is maintained. Such a decrease shows a pattern: it first affects the electroretinographic components in charge of evaluating the ganglion cells function, and even more when the adaptation time to scotopic conditions is higher. This same progression of the wave electroretinographic values, has been already described in other biomodels of experimental glaucoma as well as in people affected by chronic open-angle glaucoma. The discoveries found in our study are a counterpart of what it is described in the current bibliography. among the parameters whose values show affectation because of the sustained increase of intraocular pressure, the phnr component gives evidence of a higher precocity in the detection of the effects produced by such pressure, in the retine response. The results obtained in our study show that, in the operated eyes, this component has a higher number of values out of the normal rank from the beginning of the electroretinographic study, and besides, there is no alteration in the control eye. Other components as the i-wave and the b-wave values in scotopic conditions, show values similar to the phnr but not in such an early way. The phnr is then presented as an important sign for allowing the study and evaluation of the effects produced by an increase of a sustained intraocular pressure in the electrophysiological function of the retine.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Datos acad\u00e9micos de la tesis doctoral \u00ab<strong>Estudio electrorretinogr\u00e1fico en un biomodelo de glaucoma cr\u00f3nico en g\u00c1\u00b6ttingen minipig.<\/strong>\u00ab<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u00edtulo de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 Estudio electrorretinogr\u00e1fico en un biomodelo de glaucoma cr\u00f3nico en g\u00c1\u00b6ttingen minipig. <\/li>\n<li><strong>Autor:<\/strong>\u00a0 Carlos Mico Valls <\/li>\n<li><strong>Universidad:<\/strong>\u00a0 Murcia<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fecha de lectura de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 07\/11\/2014<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Direcci\u00f3n y tribunal<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Director de la tesis<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Elena Vecino Cordero<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tribunal<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Presidente del tribunal: Antonio Bernabe salazar <\/li>\n<li>Mar\u00eda  del mar Lopez murcia (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>Marta Leiva repiso (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>inmaculada D\u00edez prieto (vocal)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tesis doctoral de Carlos Mico Valls La electrorretinograf\u00eda es una t\u00e9cnica que permite evaluar de forma objetiva, la funci\u00f3n retinal [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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