{"id":116612,"date":"2014-07-11T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2014-07-11T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/sin-categoria\/eliminacion-de-metales-pesados-de-efluentes-la%c2%adquidos-por-adsorcion-en-materiales-naturales-residuales-de-bajo-coste-aca%c2%adculas-de-pino\/"},"modified":"2014-07-11T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2014-07-11T00:00:00","slug":"eliminacion-de-metales-pesados-de-efluentes-la%c2%adquidos-por-adsorcion-en-materiales-naturales-residuales-de-bajo-coste-aca%c2%adculas-de-pino","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/control-de-la-contaminacion-del-agua\/eliminacion-de-metales-pesados-de-efluentes-la%c2%adquidos-por-adsorcion-en-materiales-naturales-residuales-de-bajo-coste-aca%c2%adculas-de-pino\/","title":{"rendered":"Eliminaci\u00f3n de metales pesados de efluentes l\u00edquidos por adsorci\u00f3n en materiales naturales residuales de bajo coste (ac\u00edculas de pino)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Tesis doctoral de <strong> Javier S\u00e1nchez Pina <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Resumen   los metales pesados se encuentran dentro de los principales contaminantes ambientales debido a su toxicidad y su no biodegradabilidad. La adsorci\u00f3n con carb\u00f3n activado es el m\u00e9todo m\u00e1s empleado para la eliminaci\u00f3n de metales pesados de aguas residuales, sin embargo tiene limitaciones importantes, ya que se emplea un material muy caro y consume gran cantidad de energ\u00eda en su activaci\u00f3n y regeneraci\u00f3n. Recientemente, la b\u00fasqueda de un tratamiento efectivo, simple y econ\u00f3mico ha dirigido la investigaci\u00f3n hacia la bioadsorci\u00f3n, utilizando materiales residuales de origen biol\u00f3gico para la eliminaci\u00f3n de metales pesados.   el presente trabajo de tesis tiene como finalidad estudiar la capacidad que presentan las  ac\u00edculas secas de pino carrasco, un material residual abundante en la regi\u00f3n de murcia, como bioadsorbente de cadmio, cinc y cromo, metales pesados com\u00fanmente presentes en efluentes l\u00edquidos procedentes de industrias implantadas en la regi\u00f3n de murcia. Las ac\u00edculas secas de pino carrasco no son s\u00f3lo abundantes y de bajo coste por ser residuales, sino que constituyen un material que es conveniente retirar del monte, al elevar el riesgo de incendio   en primer lugar se ha analizado las propiedades de las ac\u00edculas que pueden estar relacionadas con su aplicaci\u00f3n como bioadsorbente de metales pesados. En este sentido se ha determinado su composici\u00f3n elemental y la presencia de diversos iones met\u00e1licos que pueden intervenir en el intercambio i\u00f3nico con los metales objeto de este estudio. Se han determinando los principales grupos funcionales del material adsorbente mediante las t\u00e9cnicas de espectroscop\u00eda de infrarrojo con transformada de fourier y resonancia magn\u00e9tica nuclear.   se ha analizado el proceso de bioadsorci\u00f3n en discontinuo. Para ello, se ha determinado la influencia de diferentes par\u00e1metros en el proceso de bioadsorci\u00f3n de cd2+, zn2+ y cr3+ sobre ac\u00edculas de pino carrasco, con el fin de seleccionar los valores \u00f3ptimos de los mismos (ph, concentraci\u00f3n de bioadsorbente, tama\u00f1o de part\u00edcula, tiempo de contacto bioadsorbente\/adsorbato, pretratamiento del bioadsorbente y presencia de iones mayoritarios). Se ha estudiado el comportamiento cin\u00e9tico y el equilibrio de adsorci\u00f3n tanto en sistemas monoadsorbato de cd2+, zn2+ y cr3+, como en los correspondientes sistemas biadsorbato y triadsorbato. Los datos experimentales obtenidos se han descrito satisfactoriamente mediante modelos cin\u00e9ticos y modelos de isoterma de adsorci\u00f3n y se ha comprobado que la capacidad m\u00e1xima de adsorci\u00f3n de las ac\u00edculas de pino se encuentra dentro del rango obtenido con otros materiales considerados como bioadsorbentes prometedores.  se ha evaluado la bioadsorci\u00f3n en continuo sobre residuos de ac\u00edculas de pino carrasco, determinando la influencia de las principales variables de operaci\u00f3n en lecho fijo (caudal, altura de lecho y ph de la disoluci\u00f3n), as\u00ed como aplicando varios modelos matem\u00e1ticos para la descripci\u00f3n de las curvas de ruptura. Los resultados obtenidos permiten constatar que los residuos de ac\u00edculas de pino carrasco pueden emplearse satisfactoriamente para la eliminaci\u00f3n de metales en operaciones en continuo, mediante el empleo de lechos fijos.  con el fin de analizar en una primera aproximaci\u00f3n su posible utilizaci\u00f3n industrial, se ha estudiado la aplicaci\u00f3n de los residuos de ac\u00edculas de pino carrasco en la descontaminaci\u00f3n de dos efluentes industriales de empresas ubicadas en la regi\u00f3n de murcia (espa\u00f1ola del zinc, s.A. Y cromados lu\u00eds, s.L.). De la interpretaci\u00f3n de los resultados obtenidos se ha podido concluir que el s\u00f3lido adsorbente es adecuado para tratar efluentes con bajo contenido en metales pesados y valores de ph no muy \u00e1cidos.   por \u00faltimo, se han valorado diversas alternativas para la gesti\u00f3n de los s\u00f3lidos una vez agotados y se ha considerado la valorizaci\u00f3n de los residuos de ac\u00edculas de pino carrasco agotados en una cementera como la opci\u00f3n m\u00e1s apropiada.  los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que los residuos de ac\u00edculas de pino carrasco pueden ser utilizados como adsorbentes en la eliminaci\u00f3n de metales pesados de efluentes contaminados. La tecnolog\u00eda propuesta representa una alternativa sostenible y de bajo coste frente a los tratamientos actuales m\u00e1s costosos y dependientes, en muchas ocasiones, de productos derivados del petr\u00f3leo.    summary   heavy metals are considered to be one of the main environmental pollutants due to their toxicity and non-biodegradability. Adsorption on activated carbon is the most common method for heavy metals removal from wastewaters, although it has some important limitations as a very expensive material is used, in addition to the high power expense required during its activation and regeneration. Currently, seeking an effective, simple and cheap treatment has led the research towards bio-adsorption by using vegetal waste materials for the removal of heavy metals.  the aim of this doctoral thesis is studying the capability of dry pine leaves (pinus halepensis, allepo pine, in spanish pino carrasco), an abundant waste material in murcia, to act as a bio-adsorbent of cadmium, zinc and chromium, heavy metals widely present in liquid effluents from industries in the region of murcia. Pinus halepensis dry leaves are not only an abundant and inexpensive material, but also dangerous when remaining in the forests during the hot spanish summers as they increase the wildfire risk, that is why they should be removed.   the first approach has been the analyses of the leaves properties likely to be related to their application as a heavy metals bio-adsorbent. Their elemental composition has been researched as well as the presence of some metal ions that might take part in the ionic exchange together with studied metal ions. Bio-adsorbent main functional groups have been determined by mean of fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance.   the batch bio-adsorption process has also been studied. The influence of several process parameters for bio-adsorption of cd2+, zn2+ and cr3+ onto pinus halepensis leaves has been examined in order to select their optimum values (ph, bio-adsorbent concentration, particle size, solution\/bio-adsorbent contact time, bio-adsorbent pre-treatment and presence of other ions). Kinetic behaviour and adsorption equilibrium have been studied for mono-component systems cd2+, zn2+ y cr3+, as well as for bi-component and tri-component systems. The experimental data obtained have been properly described by means of kinetic and  isotherm models, and it has been proved that the maximum adsorption capacity of pine leaves is within the same range as other materials considered to be suitable bio-adsorbents.  continuous system bio-adsorption experiments have been carried out in order to evaluate the influence of the main operation variables in a continuous fixed bed (flow rate, column depth and solution ph). Furthermore, several mathematical models have been used to describe the breakthrough curve. The results obtained indicate that pine leaves wastes can be accurately used for continuous operations in the removal of heavy metals, by means of fixed bed systems.  as a first approach to its possible industrial application, two sets of experiments have been carried out for the decontamination of actual wastewaters coming from two companies located in the region of murcia (espa\u00f1ola del zinc, s.A and cromados lu\u00eds, s.L). According to the results obtained it can be pointed out that this bio-adsorbent solid is suitable for the treatment of effluents with a low concentration of heavy metals and not very acidic ph values.  finally, several options for the exhausted bio-adsorbent management have been evaluated in this research. Their valorisation as an auxiliary fuel in a cement production centre has been the most suitable one.     as a conclusion, the results obtained show that pinus halepensis leaves wastes can be used as adequate bio-adsorbent solids in the removal of heavy metals from polluted effluents. The technology proposed represents a sustainable and low cost alternative to current treatments, which are more expensive and, sometimes, dependent on petrol derived products.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Datos acad\u00e9micos de la tesis doctoral \u00ab<strong>Eliminaci\u00f3n de metales pesados de efluentes l\u00edquidos por adsorci\u00f3n en materiales naturales residuales de bajo coste (ac\u00edculas de pino)<\/strong>\u00ab<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u00edtulo de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 Eliminaci\u00f3n de metales pesados de efluentes l\u00edquidos por adsorci\u00f3n en materiales naturales residuales de bajo coste (ac\u00edculas de pino) <\/li>\n<li><strong>Autor:<\/strong>\u00a0 Javier S\u00e1nchez Pina <\/li>\n<li><strong>Universidad:<\/strong>\u00a0 Murcia<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fecha de lectura de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 07\/11\/2014<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Direcci\u00f3n y tribunal<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Director de la tesis<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Victor Francisco Meseguer Zapata<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tribunal<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Presidente del tribunal: jose Saez mercader <\/li>\n<li>m. dolores Perez murcia (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>Carlos Garc\u00eda izquierdo (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>Juan  ignacio Moreno s\u00e1nchez (vocal)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tesis doctoral de Javier S\u00e1nchez Pina Resumen los metales pesados se encuentran dentro de los principales contaminantes ambientales debido a 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