{"id":117020,"date":"2018-03-11T10:46:22","date_gmt":"2018-03-11T10:46:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/sin-categoria\/regulacion-de-la-diapausa-y-emergencia-del-ectoparasito-aviar-carnus-hemapterus-factores-abioticos-microclima-y-mecanismos-implicados\/"},"modified":"2018-03-11T10:46:22","modified_gmt":"2018-03-11T10:46:22","slug":"regulacion-de-la-diapausa-y-emergencia-del-ectoparasito-aviar-carnus-hemapterus-factores-abioticos-microclima-y-mecanismos-implicados","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/ciencias-de-la-vida\/regulacion-de-la-diapausa-y-emergencia-del-ectoparasito-aviar-carnus-hemapterus-factores-abioticos-microclima-y-mecanismos-implicados\/","title":{"rendered":"Regulaci\u00f3n de la diapausa y emergencia del ectopar\u00e1sito aviar carnus hemapterus: factores abi\u00f3ticos, microclima y mecanismos implicados."},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Tesis doctoral de <strong> Mar\u00eda  Teresa Amat Valero <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Para poder entender el efecto de los par\u00e1sitos sobre los hospedadores y la evoluci\u00f3n de las interacciones par\u00e1sito-hospedador es necesario comprender primero el efecto de los factores ambientales sobre estos organismos y su interacci\u00f3n, lo que a su vez requiere considerar tales factores a la escala adecuada seg\u00fan los organismos implicados. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es estudiar el efecto de factores abi\u00f3ticos, particularmente la temperatura, en la regulaci\u00f3n de la diapausa del ectopar\u00e1sito carnus hemapterus. Este insecto es un d\u00edptero hemat\u00f3fago generalista con amplia distribuci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica que parasita a los pollos de una gran variedad de especies aviares (en su mayor\u00eda trogloditas). El trabajo se desarroll\u00f3 en una localidad \u00e1rida del sureste de espa\u00f1a (desierto de tabernas), donde coexisten entremezclados tres tipos de h\u00e1bitats (oquedades naturales en taludes de ramblas, cavidades en construcciones humanas, &#8211; principalmente puentes &#8211; y cajas nido) ocupados por carnus hemapterus y sus hospedadores aviares. Como primer paso se determin\u00f3 mediante sensores el microclima de las tres cavidades donde carnus desarrolla su diapausa. Las caracter\u00edsticas microclim\u00e1ticas mostraron notables diferencias, siendo las cajas nido m\u00e1s inestables (fr\u00edas y con marcada oscilaci\u00f3n t\u00e9rmica), mientras que las otras oquedades fueron mucho m\u00e1s estables, presentando las cavidades en taludes condiciones m\u00e1s c\u00e1lidas y secas que las de puentes. Esta heterogeneidad ambiental tiene importantes implicaciones tanto para los organismos endotermos que las habitan como para los ectotermos. Mediante experimentos de campo realizados con diversos hospedadores se comprob\u00f3 en condiciones naturales la coexistencia de diapausas largas y cortas. Dado que la duraci\u00f3n del ciclo de vida y n\u00famero de generaciones al a\u00f1o (voltinismo) est\u00e1 determinado por la duraci\u00f3n de la diapausa, registramos consecuentemente la coexistencia de moscas uni y bivoltinas tanto a nivel de poblaci\u00f3n como de nido. Estos resultados muestran la naturaleza facultativa de la diapausa de carnus as\u00ed como el papel de las variables abi\u00f3ticas en la modulaci\u00f3n de aquella. El estudio con c\u00e1maras clim\u00e1ticas de la influencia de la temperatura en la finalizaci\u00f3n de la diapausa y el patr\u00f3n de emergencia mostr\u00f3 que aunque los choques de fr\u00edo no son necesarios para que se termine la diapausa de carnus, s\u00ed tienen importantes efectos, acelerando el desarrollo de la diapausa, adelantando la emergencia y acelerando su progreso respecto a condiciones constantes. Adem\u00e1s, mediante experimentos en campo, comprobamos que las caracter\u00edsticas t\u00e9rmicas particulares de los diversos microh\u00e1bitats modularon el progreso de la diapausa, el comienzo de la emergencia y su patr\u00f3n. En microclimas inestables (cajas nido) la fenolog\u00eda de emergencia se adelant\u00f3 en la estaci\u00f3n, pero su progreso fue m\u00e1s lento, alargando el periodo de emergencia en comparaci\u00f3n con los microh\u00e1bitats estables (puentes y taludes) entre los que no hubo diferencias en la emergencia. Comprobamos experimentalmente la consistencia de estos resultados cuando las diferencias microclim\u00e1ticas fueron anuladas (homogeneizadas) en dos momentos de la fase de la diapausa; durante la diapausa invernal y al final de la fase de desarrollo de la post-diapausa. Estos resultados sugieren posibles procesos de adaptaci\u00f3n o aclimataci\u00f3n a los microclimas. Tambi\u00e9n se revel\u00f3 la mayor sensibilidad de carnus a cambios t\u00e9rmicos justo antes de la emergencia, lo que favorecer\u00eda la percepci\u00f3n del cambio ambiental por la presencia del hospedador en el nido y consecuentemente la sincronizaci\u00f3n de la emergencia del par\u00e1sito. El estudio de los requerimientos t\u00e9rmicos del par\u00e1sito desvel\u00f3 que el desarrollo de la post-diapausa necesit\u00f3 acumular menor cantidad de unidades de calor (grados d\u00eda) en cajas nido, pero debido a las condiciones t\u00e9rmicas (fuerte oscilaci\u00f3n con temperaturas extremas), el desarrollo fue ralentizado, necesitando m\u00e1s tiempo para desarrollarse que en cavidades t\u00e9rmicamente estables. En estas \u00faltimas cavidades los requerimientos t\u00e9rmicos fueron mayores (sobre todo en taludes), mostrando una tasa de emergencia similar entre ellas, pero acelerada con respecto a cajas nido. En definitiva, la presente tesis revela la importancia de considerar los factores abi\u00f3ticos a peque\u00f1a escala, as\u00ed como los mecanismos que est\u00e1n actuando en la regulaci\u00f3n del ciclo vital de par\u00e1sitos para poder abordar futuros estudios fisiol\u00f3gicos, ecol\u00f3gicos o evolutivos entre otros.   short summary  understanding the impact of parasites in their hosts and the evolution of host-parasite interactions requires previous knowledge on the effect of environmental factors on such organisms and its interaction. For this, it is critical to consider such factors at the appropriate scale, defined by the organisms under study. The main objective of this thesis is to study the effect of abiotic factors, particularly temperature, on the regulation of diapause of the ectoparasite carnus hemapterus. This insect is a generalist haematophagous dipteran with a large geographic distribution that parasitizes nestling of a wide variety of bird species (mainly troglodyte ones). This work was developed in an arid locality in the southeast of spain (tabernas&apos; desert), where three types of habitats (natural burrows at sandy cliffs in the ramblas, cavities in human constructions, &#8211; mainly bridges &#8211; and nest boxes) coexist interspersed and are occupied by carnus hemapterus and its avian hosts. Firstly, the microclimate of the three cavity types, where the diapause of carnus takes place, was studied by data-loggers and considerable differences were found: nest boxes were colder and with marked thermal oscillation, while the temperature in the other cavities was much more stable. Moreover, burrows showed warmer and drier conditions than cavities in bridges. This environmental heterogeneity has important implications for the organisms (both endotherms and ectotherms) that inhabit these cavities. Field experiments performed with different host species in natural conditions revealed the co-occurrence of long and short diapauses. Since the duration of the life cycle and the number of generations per year (voltinism) is determined by the length of the diapause, we registered consequently, the co-occurrence of uni and bivoltine flies at both population and nest level. These findings illustrate the facultative nature of diapause of carnus and the modulating role of abiotic variables. Experimental tests with climatic chambers of the influence of temperature in the termination of diapause and the emergence pattern showed that, although cold shocks are not necessary for the end of the diapause, they stimulate the development of diapause, advance the emergence and accelerate its progress when compared to constant conditions. Furthermore, by means of field experiments, we checked that the particular thermal features of the microhabitats modulated the progress of the diapause, the emergence start and its pattern. In habitats with fluctuating microclimate (nest boxes) the phenology of emergence occurred earlier in the season, but its emergence progress was slower, making the emergence longer compared with stable microhabitats (cavities in bridges and burrows) where no differences in emergence were found. We confirmed experimentally the consistency of such results when the microclimatic differences were removed in two different moments of the diapause: during the winter diapause and at the end of the development phase of the post-diapause. These findings suggest adaptation or acclimatization of individuals to specific microclimates. Also, a higher sensitivity of carnus to thermal changes just before emergence was revealed, what would favor the perception of environmental changes due to the presence of the host in the nest and, consequently, the synchronization of the parasite emergence. The study of the thermal requirements of the parasite revealed that its post-diapause development needed to accumulate less heat units (degree day) in nest boxes than in the other cavity types. Yet, due to sharp thermal oscillation with extreme temperatures, the development was likely decelerated by development arrests. Thus, flies from nest boxes needed more time to develop than flies from thermally stable cavities. Flies from cavities in bridges and burrows showed higher thermal requirements (mainly in burrows), being the emergence rate similar between them, but faster when compared with flies from nest boxes. Finally, this thesis reveals the importance of considering the abiotic factors at a small scale and the mechanisms acting in the regulation of the life cycle of parasites before addressing future physiological, ecological or evolutionary studies.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Datos acad\u00e9micos de la tesis doctoral \u00ab<strong>Regulaci\u00f3n de la diapausa y emergencia del ectopar\u00e1sito aviar carnus hemapterus: factores abi\u00f3ticos, microclima y mecanismos implicados.<\/strong>\u00ab<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u00edtulo de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 Regulaci\u00f3n de la diapausa y emergencia del ectopar\u00e1sito aviar carnus hemapterus: factores abi\u00f3ticos, microclima y mecanismos implicados. <\/li>\n<li><strong>Autor:<\/strong>\u00a0 Mar\u00eda  Teresa Amat Valero <\/li>\n<li><strong>Universidad:<\/strong>\u00a0 Murcia<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fecha de lectura de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 16\/01\/2015<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Direcci\u00f3n y tribunal<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Director de la tesis<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Francisco Valera Hernandez<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tribunal<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Presidente del tribunal: Santiago Merino rodr\u00edguez <\/li>\n<li>ra\u00fal Bonal andr\u00e9s (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>Andr\u00e9s Barbosa alc\u00f3n (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>jordi Bosch (vocal)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tesis doctoral de Mar\u00eda Teresa Amat Valero Para poder entender el efecto de los par\u00e1sitos sobre los hospedadores y la 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