{"id":117891,"date":"2018-03-11T10:47:38","date_gmt":"2018-03-11T10:47:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/sin-categoria\/identificacion-y-caracterizacion-de-mutantes-de-tomate-solanum-lycopersicum-afectados-en-el-desarrollo-reproductivo-y-en-la-tolerancia-a-estreses-abioticos\/"},"modified":"2018-03-11T10:47:38","modified_gmt":"2018-03-11T10:47:38","slug":"identificacion-y-caracterizacion-de-mutantes-de-tomate-solanum-lycopersicum-afectados-en-el-desarrollo-reproductivo-y-en-la-tolerancia-a-estreses-abioticos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/ciencias-agrarias\/identificacion-y-caracterizacion-de-mutantes-de-tomate-solanum-lycopersicum-afectados-en-el-desarrollo-reproductivo-y-en-la-tolerancia-a-estreses-abioticos\/","title":{"rendered":"Identificaci\u00f3n y caracterizaci\u00f3n de mutantes de tomate (solanum lycopersicum) afectados en el desarrollo reproductivo y en la tolerancia a estreses abi\u00f3ticos"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Tesis doctoral de <strong> Victoriano Meco Martinez <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Resumen  el siglo xxi plantea un nuevo reto para la agricultura: las predicciones de aumento de la poblaci\u00f3n mundial exigen aumentar la productividad de los cultivos. La incidencia del cambio clim\u00e1tico sobre regiones hist\u00f3ricamente agr\u00edcolas es causa ya del descenso en el rendimiento agr\u00edcola, al estar afectados por el impacto creciente de estreses abi\u00f3ticos como la sequ\u00eda y la salinidad. Una de las estrategias para abordar este desaf\u00edo es la  generaci\u00f3n  y an\u00e1lisis de colecciones de mutantes de especies vegetales de gran importancia agro-alimentaria como tomate para la identificaci\u00f3n de genes y la disecci\u00f3n de mecanismos implicados en el desarrollo y la producci\u00f3n as\u00ed como en la tolerancia a estreses abi\u00f3ticos. Dentro del programa de mutag\u00e9nesis insercional con t-dna en tomate que se lleva a cabo entre los grupos de investigaci\u00f3n del ibmcp, ual y cebas, en este trabajo nos hemos centrado en la identificaci\u00f3n de mutantes afectados en el desarrollo reproductivo, que en \u00faltimo extremo afecta a la producci\u00f3n de fruto, y en la respuesta a la salinidad y la sequ\u00eda, por ser estreses abi\u00f3ticos tan importantes por su incidencia en el rendimiento final. En el primer caso se aborda la identificaci\u00f3n y caracterizaci\u00f3n de un mutante de gran inter\u00e9s agron\u00f3mico por su fenotipo afectado en el desarrollo reproductivo, denominado afs1 (abnormal fruit set-1). El mutante afs1 se caracteriza por presentar una mayor tasa de cuajado de fruto, reflejada en un marcado aumento del n\u00famero de frutos que, aunque de menor tama\u00f1o, promueven una mejora significativa de la producci\u00f3n. Entre las caracter\u00edsticas de afs1 cabe destacar que sus frutos son partenoc\u00e1rpicos y destacan por su mayor calidad debido a una mayor concentraci\u00f3n de glucosa y fructosa, as\u00ed como de \u00e1cido c\u00edtrico, que dan lugar a un incremento del \u00edndice de sabor. La mutaci\u00f3n responsable de dicho fenotipo no se debe a una inserci\u00f3n de t-dna si no a una mutaci\u00f3n somaclonal generada durante la transformaci\u00f3n y cultivo in vitro, algo ya observado en otras colecciones de mutantes insercionales, y se est\u00e1 procediendo a su localizaci\u00f3n gen\u00f3mica. En el segundo caso se aborda la caracterizaci\u00f3n de un mutante alterado en la respuesta al estr\u00e9s salino e h\u00eddrico. El mutante se ha denominado wak1 (wall-associated kinase 1), ya que la mutaci\u00f3n responsable ha sido etiquetada por un inserto t-dna que se sit\u00faa en la regi\u00f3n promotora del gen slwak1, que forma parte de un cl\u00faster g\u00e9nico de cuatro isoformas que est\u00e1n localizadas en el cromosoma 9, que codifican para unas prote\u00ednas quinasas asociadas a pared celular (cell wall-associated kinases). Aunque la expresi\u00f3n del gen slwak1 est\u00e1 anulada en el mutante, no lo est\u00e1n sin embargo los genes flanqueantes slwak2 y slwak3. El mutante wak1 presenta un fenotipo similar a la planta no transformada cuando se cultiva sin estr\u00e9s, muestra un fenotipo sutil en condiciones de estr\u00e9s h\u00eddrico y salino a medio plazo, y finalmente reduce significativamente el rendimiento en t\u00e9rminos de producci\u00f3n de fruto en estr\u00e9s a largo plazo. A nivel fisiol\u00f3gico, el mutante wak1 presenta mayor tolerancia al estr\u00e9s i\u00f3nico inducido por salinidad, con menor acumulaci\u00f3n de na+ en hoja. Sin embargo, el mutante es sensible al estr\u00e9s osm\u00f3tico inducido tanto por estr\u00e9s salino como h\u00eddrico. Adem\u00e1s, la anulaci\u00f3n del gen slwak1 provoca una acumulaci\u00f3n de  sacarosa en ra\u00edz, relacionada con una alteraci\u00f3n en la expresi\u00f3n de genes implicados en el metabolismo de sacarosa. Considerados en conjunto, los resultados de la caracterizaci\u00f3n de estos mutantes fenot\u00edpicamente tan diferentes demuestran el gran inter\u00e9s que tiene el an\u00e1lisis de mutantes para avanzar en el conocimiento de los procesos y los genes clave en el desarrollo y en la tolerancia a estreses abi\u00f3ticos.    abstract the xxi century poses new challenges to agriculture: the predictions of global population growth invite us to focus all our efforts on increasing crop yields. In turn, the impact of climate change on historically farming regions promotes the decrease of the performance of these vegetable species with high agronomic interest, such as the tomato, which is one of the most important global vegetable species. Among the strategies proposed to address the problems exposed, generating mutant collections is one of the most widespread strategies and it has provided much information about processes, pathways and relevant mechanisms. To this end, a collection of insertional mutants using an enhancer trapping has been created in the commercial cultivar of the tomato &quot;moneymaker&quot; and we have directed our interest in selecting mutants affected in the reproductive development and in the response to abiotic stresses (salinity and drought) to be key processes that directly affect the final crop yield. Within the collection, we have identified a mutant with high agronomic interest related to reproductive development, which we have named afs1 (abnormal furit set-1), characterized by an increased vegetative growth rate and higher rate of fruit set. Their flowers show an opening in the base of the stamen caused by the early fruit set, initiated before the anthesis. The higher fruit set rate is reflected in the increase in fruits number, despite the smaller size, leading to a significant improvement in the production and final yield in greenhouse conditions.  Among the characteristics of production, it is noteworthy that this afs1 produces parthenocarpic fruits with improved organoleptic characteristics, brought about by an increase in glucose and fructose, and citric acid therefore, leads to an increased rate of flavor. It has also been selected and characterized by a mutant response to salt and water stresses, named wak1 (wall-associated kinase 1) which carries a t-dna inserted in the promoter region for canceling the slwak1 gene expression in the mutant. This gene is part of a gene cluster consisting of four total wak isoforms genes in chromosome 9. Qpcr expression analysis has indicated that the slwak1 expression is root specific and reduces its expression levels in response to salt stress . The two flanking slwak1 isoforms genes (referred to slwak3 and slwak2 in this paper) are not affected by the t-dna insertion and have a similar pattern to the described for slwak1 response. At a phenotypic level, this mutant has a wt phenotype in standard culture conditions and displays a subtle phenotype under water and salt stresses, characterized by a significant reduction in the height rate of the aerial part, and the reduction of shoot water content. Paradoxically, despite the reduction in development, salt stress experiences have shown that the wak1 mutant has an increased tolerance to the accumulation of toxic concentrations of na+ in the shoot. Furthermore, it has been shown that this mutant is sensitive to osmotic effect, which occurred in both the water stress and in the first phase of the salt stress. The results indicate that the basis of this sensitivity is an alteration in osmotic adjustment ability and in the sugar metabolism promotes an increased sucrose transport to the root at the expense of the growth rate and the transport of water toward the apex.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Datos acad\u00e9micos de la tesis doctoral \u00ab<strong>Identificaci\u00f3n y caracterizaci\u00f3n de mutantes de tomate (solanum lycopersicum) afectados en el desarrollo reproductivo y en la tolerancia a estreses abi\u00f3ticos<\/strong>\u00ab<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u00edtulo de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 Identificaci\u00f3n y caracterizaci\u00f3n de mutantes de tomate (solanum lycopersicum) afectados en el desarrollo reproductivo y en la tolerancia a estreses abi\u00f3ticos <\/li>\n<li><strong>Autor:<\/strong>\u00a0 Victoriano Meco Martinez <\/li>\n<li><strong>Universidad:<\/strong>\u00a0 Murcia<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fecha de lectura de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 15\/07\/2015<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Direcci\u00f3n y tribunal<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Director de la tesis<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Mar\u00eda Del Carmen Bolar\u00edn Jim\u00e9nez<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tribunal<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Presidente del tribunal: vicente Moreno ferrer <\/li>\n<li>david Pose padilla (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>  (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>  (vocal)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tesis doctoral de Victoriano Meco Martinez Resumen el siglo xxi plantea un nuevo reto para la agricultura: las predicciones de 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