{"id":118102,"date":"2018-03-11T10:47:55","date_gmt":"2018-03-11T10:47:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/sin-categoria\/dinamica-del-carbono-en-suelos-degradados-de-zonas-semiaridas-implicacion-de-enmiendas-organicas-y-comunidades-microbianas-asociadas\/"},"modified":"2018-03-11T10:47:55","modified_gmt":"2018-03-11T10:47:55","slug":"dinamica-del-carbono-en-suelos-degradados-de-zonas-semiaridas-implicacion-de-enmiendas-organicas-y-comunidades-microbianas-asociadas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/ciencias-agrarias\/dinamica-del-carbono-en-suelos-degradados-de-zonas-semiaridas-implicacion-de-enmiendas-organicas-y-comunidades-microbianas-asociadas\/","title":{"rendered":"Din\u00e1mica del carbono en suelos degradados de zonas semi\u00e1ridas: implicaci\u00f3n de enmiendas org\u00e1nicas y comunidades microbianas asociadas"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Tesis doctoral de <strong> Irene Florentina Torres Bocero <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>El suelo desempe\u00f1a funciones de gran importancia para el sustento de la vida en este planeta pero la desertificaci\u00f3n producida en el mismo, en las zonas \u00e1ridas o semi\u00e1ridas,  repercute notoriamente en una abundante p\u00e9rdida de materia org\u00e1nica, y por tanto de carbono org\u00e1nico, la cual afecta negativamente a la calidad y la sostenibilidad del suelo. La recuperaci\u00f3n del carbono org\u00e1nico del suelo hacia unos valores umbrales suficientes para poder gestionar sus funciones b\u00e1sicas es de vital importancia. Por este motivo, la presente tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo entender el ciclo del carbono en suelos semi\u00e1ridos y el desarrollo de estrategias para la restauraci\u00f3n de estos suelos. Para ello nos hemos centrado particularmente en la capacidad que presenta este tipo de suelo para responder a fuentes de carbono ex\u00f3genas derivadas de residuos vegetales, el papel que desempe\u00f1a la comunidad microbiana en la degradaci\u00f3n de estas fuentes de carbono, y su relaci\u00f3n con los ciclos biogeoqu\u00edmicos de los elementos importantes (c, n y p), con particular incidencia en el del carbono. Se maneja como hip\u00f3tesis general de trabajo de esta tesis doctoral el hecho de que las comunidades microbianas de suelos \u00e1ridos y semi\u00e1ridos tienen una limitada capacidad para el procesamiento de sustratos carbonados, a consecuencia del escaso contenido en materia org\u00e1nica que presentan habitualmente estos suelos. con el objetivo de obtener una informaci\u00f3n completa sobre la din\u00e1mica del carbono org\u00e1nico y las enmiendas org\u00e1nicas de origen vegetal en relaci\u00f3n con las poblaciones microbianas asociadas a su procesamiento, se abordan experimentos en condiciones controladas de laboratorio y campo. La primera parte de la tesis (cap\u00edtulos 1, 2 y 3) se realiz\u00f3 en condiciones controladas de laboratorio, mediante la utilizaci\u00f3n de tres mol\u00e9culas de origen vegetal de distinta complejidad: glucosa, celulosa y lignina; dichas mol\u00e9culas son parte fundamental de los propios restos vegetales que entran al suelo de forma natural. Estas mol\u00e9culas se utilizaron en su forma enriquecida en 13c (is\u00f3topo estable del carbono) con el objetivo de trazar a alta resoluci\u00f3n la din\u00e1mica de estas materias org\u00e1nicas y las poblaciones microbianas implicadas en su procesamiento. En estos experimentos se aplicaron, entre otras, t\u00e9cnicas basadas en el an\u00e1lisis de la composici\u00f3n isot\u00f3pica del co2, fracciones hidrosolubles de c, y de sustancias h\u00famicas, as\u00ed como la composici\u00f3n isot\u00f3pica de \u00e1cidos grasos (plfa-sip). Mediante este conjunto de t\u00e9cnicas se pudo trazar exhaustivamente el ciclo del c, evaluando su persistencia, mineralizaci\u00f3n y las poblaciones microbianas asociadas con la din\u00e1mica de estas mol\u00e9culas.  la segunda parte de la tesis (cap\u00edtulos 4 y 5) se realiz\u00f3 a nivel de campo, lo cual representa un escenario real para el estudio de la restauraci\u00f3n de suelos. En el cap\u00edtulo 4, se evalu\u00f3 el efecto a largo plazo de enmiendas org\u00e1nicas de origen vegetal (residuos de poda fresco y compostado) y de su dosis (150 y 300 t ha-1) en las propiedades qu\u00edmicas, bioqu\u00edmicas y microbiol\u00f3gicas de un suelo semi\u00e1rido. Para ello se emplearon diferentes t\u00e9cnicas para medir los cambios en la actividad microbiana despu\u00e9s de la adici\u00f3n de la materia org\u00e1nica, as\u00ed como el an\u00e1lisis de \u00e1cidos grasos fosfol\u00edpidos y el perfil fisiol\u00f3gico de las comunidades microbianas  para estudiar los cambios en la biomasa y estructura de la comunidad.   en el cap\u00edtulo 5,  se estudi\u00f3 el efecto que ejerce la adici\u00f3n enmiendas org\u00e1nicas a largo plazo en las enzimas involucradas en el ciclo del carbono bajo condiciones semi\u00e1ridas, adem\u00e1s de su influencia en la biomasa y la estructura de la comunidad microbiana. Adem\u00e1s, se pretendi\u00f3 completar el conocimiento del ciclo del carbono en este tipo de suelos mediante el estudio de la diversidad de isoenzimas que presentan la celulasa y ?-Glucosidasa empleando la zimograf\u00eda. Los cambios provocados en el tama\u00f1o de la biomasa microbiana y la estructura de la comunidad microbiana por la adici\u00f3n de las enmiendas fueron estudiados mediante el an\u00e1lisis de los \u00e1cidos grasos fosfol\u00edpidos.  haciendo una visi\u00f3n global de esta tesis doctoral, podemos concluir que los suelos semi\u00e1ridos, a pesar de su avanzado estado de degradaci\u00f3n y no recibir abundantes entradas de c org\u00e1nico, presentan una alta disponibilidad bi\u00f3tica para gestionar materia org\u00e1nica de origen vegetal de distinto nivel de complejidad y estabilidad.  Se ha observado que s\u00f3lo una peque\u00f1a fracci\u00f3n de la comunidad microbiana es capaz de degradar las formas m\u00e1s complejas de carbono, pero esta fracci\u00f3n microbiana es fundamental para el inicio del ciclo del carbono en suelos semi\u00e1ridos y, por tanto, para la sostenibilidad de estas \u00e1reas. Adem\u00e1s, las entradas de materia org\u00e1nica al suelo  mejoran la calidad de los suelos semi\u00e1ridos a largo plazo, aumentando el contenido en carbono org\u00e1nico en los mismos, favoreciendo el crecimiento de la biomasa microbiana y variando la estructura funcional de la comunidad microbiana, como una adaptaci\u00f3n ecol\u00f3gica a la presencia de nuevos metabolitos en el suelo derivados de dichas materias org\u00e1nicas. Por otro lado, la adici\u00f3n de mol\u00e9culas compuestas \u00fanicamente por carbono, no s\u00f3lo ejerce un efecto sobre el ciclo del carbono si no que tambi\u00e9n influye sobre otros ciclos biogeoqu\u00edmicos como el del nitr\u00f3geno o el f\u00f3sforo como hemos podido ver por los cambios producidos en la actividad enzim\u00e1tica relacionada con estos elementos. Este hecho implica que estos ciclos no pueden considerarse independientes si no que act\u00faan de forma conjunta para condicionar la calidad y sostenibilidad de un suelo.    soil plays a highly important role in sustaining life on earth but soil desertification, in arid and semiarid areas, negatively impacts on a significant loss of organic matter, and therefore of organic carbon, which negatively affects the quality and sustainability of the soil. In such degraded soils, it is of vital importance to restore levels of soil organic carbon to sufficient thresholds to maintain its basic functions. For this reason, the aim of this doctoral dissertation is to understand the carbon cycling of semiarid soils and the development of strategies for soil restoration. To reach this goal we have focused on the following topics in particular: the ability of this type of soil to respond to exogenous sources of carbon derived from plants; the role of the microbial community in the degradation of these carbon sources; and the link between these carbon sources and the biogeochemical cycling of the important elements (c, n and p), with a particular focus on carbon. The general working hypothesis of this doctoral thesis is that the microbial communities in arid and semiarid soils have a limited capacity for processing carbonaceous substrates as a result of the low content of organic matter usually found in these soils. in order to obtain complete information concerning the dynamics of organic carbon and plant-derived organic amendments with respect to the microbial populations associated with processing of this organic matter, we conducted experiments in both controlled laboratory and field conditions. The first part of the thesis (chapters 1, 2 and 3) was carried out in controlled laboratory conditions using three molecules of varying complexity: glucose, cellulose and lignin. These molecules are an essential part of the natural plant inputs to soil. We used glucose, cellulose and lignin molecules enriched with 13c (a stable isotope of carbon) in order to track the dynamics of these organic materials and the microbial populations involved in their processing in high resolution. In these experiments we applied, among other techniques, those based on the analysis of the isotopic composition of co2, water-soluble fractions of c and of humic substances and the isotopic composition of fatty acids (plfa-sip). These techniques made it possible to thoroughly track the c cycle, evaluating the persistence and mineralisation of c in addition to the microbial populations associated with the dynamics of the added molecules.  the second part of the thesis (chapters 4 and 5) was carried out in the field, which represents a real setting for the study of soil restoration. In chapter 4, we evaluated the long-term effects of plant-derived organic amendments (fresh and composted pruning waste) and of the applied dose (150 and 300 t ha-1) on the chemical, biochemical and microbiological properties of a semiarid soil. Different techniques were used to measure the changes in microbial activity after the addition of organic matter. Furthermore, phospholipid fatty acid analysis and the microbial community-level physiological profile were used to study changes in the biomass and the structure of the microbial community finally, in the chapter 5, we studied the long-term effect of organic amendments on the enzymes involved in the carbon cycle in semiarid conditions. In this chapter, we also evaluated the influence of organic amendments on microbial biomass and community structure. Furthermore, we aimed to complete our knowledge of the carbon cycle in semiarid soils by studying the diversity of isoenzymes exhibiting cellulase and ?-Glucosidase activity by zymography. Changes caused by the amendments in the biomass and the structure of the microbial community were studied by phospholipid fatty acid analysis .  taking a global picture of this doctoral thesis, we have reached the conclusion that semiarid soils, despite their advanced state of degradation and the fact they have not received much organic c input, nevertheless have a high level of biotic availability for handling plant-derived organic matter of different levels of complexity and stability. We observed that only a small fraction of the microbial community is able to degrade the more complex forms of carbon, but this microbial fraction is crucial for starting the carbon cycle in semiarid soils and therefore for the sustainability of semiarid areas. Moreover, adding organic matter to the soil improves the quality of semiarid soils in the long term. Indeed, organic amendments increase the content of organic carbon in such soils at long-term, favour the growth of the microbial biomass and change the functional structure of the microbial community as an ecological adaptation to the presence of new soil metabolites derived from the organic matter added. Furthermore, the addition of molecules composed solely of carbon not only has an effect on the carbon cycle but also influences other biogeochemical cycles such as the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, which we were able to observe through changes in the enzyme activity related to these elements. This implies that these cycles cannot be considered as independent from one another but that they in fact act together to determine the quality and sustainability of a soil.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Datos acad\u00e9micos de la tesis doctoral \u00ab<strong>Din\u00e1mica del carbono en suelos degradados de zonas semi\u00e1ridas: implicaci\u00f3n de enmiendas org\u00e1nicas y comunidades microbianas asociadas<\/strong>\u00ab<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u00edtulo de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 Din\u00e1mica del carbono en suelos degradados de zonas semi\u00e1ridas: implicaci\u00f3n de enmiendas org\u00e1nicas y comunidades microbianas asociadas <\/li>\n<li><strong>Autor:<\/strong>\u00a0 Irene Florentina Torres Bocero <\/li>\n<li><strong>Universidad:<\/strong>\u00a0 Murcia<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fecha de lectura de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 25\/09\/2015<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Direcci\u00f3n y tribunal<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Director de la tesis<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Felipe Bastida L\u00f3pez<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tribunal<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Presidente del tribunal: simon Navarro garcia <\/li>\n<li>concepci\u00f3n Paredes gil (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>  (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>  (vocal)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tesis doctoral de Irene Florentina Torres Bocero El suelo desempe\u00f1a funciones de gran importancia para el sustento de la vida 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