{"id":93157,"date":"2009-07-05T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2009-07-05T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/sin-categoria\/carbohydrate-based-polyurethanes-and-polyamides-synthesis-characterization-and-stereocomplex-formation\/"},"modified":"2009-07-05T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2009-07-05T00:00:00","slug":"carbohydrate-based-polyurethanes-and-polyamides-synthesis-characterization-and-stereocomplex-formation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.deberes.net\/tesis\/sintesis-de-macromoleculas\/carbohydrate-based-polyurethanes-and-polyamides-synthesis-characterization-and-stereocomplex-formation\/","title":{"rendered":"Carbohydrate-based polyurethanes and polyamides: synthesis, characterization and stereocomplex formation"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Tesis doctoral de <strong> Romina Mar\u00edn Bernab\u00e9 <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The presented thesis is addressed to the development of polyurethanes made from carbohydrate derived diols. Polyurethanes are extremely versatile  polymers that can be used in a wide variety of applications going from massive filling foams to highly technical items. The preparation of polyurethanes  from renewable feedstocks is currently receiving increasing attention in the polyurethane industry. Diols derived from naturally-occurring fats and oils as  well as biotechnologically produced diols like 1,3-propanediol and hydroxyl end-caped poly(lactic acid) have been recently introduced in the synthesis of  these polymers. A fair number of polyurethanes containing  units derived from saccharides have been reported so far although none of them has  reached industrialization; the selection embraces polymers made from complex polyhydroxylated lignin fragments to cyclic diols such as isosorbide and  gulonolactones.     the thesis describes the preparation of linear polyurethanes from acyclic carbohydrate derived diols, specifically tartaric acid and alditols from tartaric  acid, and arabino- and xylopyranose. Additionally, other natural diols from glucose but with cyclic structure, 1,4:3,6-dianhydrosorbitol and 2,4:3,5-di-o- methylene-d-glucitol were used. All diols used in this thesis are accessible via chemical synthesis or are directly commercially available, and therefore  they are a good option to introduce natural products in the polyurethane chemistry. The incorporation of these hydrophilic units can also render  polyurethanes more susceptible to hydrolysis.    the first block of this thesis is dedicated to the synthesis, characterization and hydrodegradability of polyurethanes from alditols having all secondary  hydroxyl groups protected as methyl ether, benzyl ether or acetal. Since total or partial splitting of the benzyl ethers or acetal groups after  polymerization was feasible by hydrogenolysis or treatment by acids, respectively, these methods provided a suitable route to polyurethanes bearing  pendant hydroxyl groups, which are highly hydrophilic and more susceptible to hydrolysis.    the second block describes the synthesis of tartrate derived polyurethanes. In this case, tartrates were directly reacted with diisocyanates, and  polyurethanes with different alkyl or benzyl ester side groups were obtained. The hydrodegradability of these polyurethanes was enhanced by  incubating them in acid or basic buffers that hydrolysate the side alkyl esters, or by hydrogenolysis of the benzyl esters; in both cases polyurethanes  bearing carboxylic side groups  much more hydrolysable than their parent polyurethanes were prepared.    the third block is dedicated to the study of segmented polyurethanes. Because there is a growing interest in introducing new chain extenders derived  from renewable resources as an alternative to oil-based monomers, and also with the objective of enhancing the hydrodegradability of the resulting polyurethanes, two different carbohydrate derived monomers  and their corresponding segmented polyurethanes were used as  chain extenders in  segmented polyurethanes with soft segment of polycaprolactone.    finally, the last block is dedicated to the phenomenon of  stereocomplexation. The preparation method, the formation, evidenced by different  spectroscopic techniques, and crystallizability of a polytartaramide  stereocomplex is described. In addition, the exploration of stereocomplexation in  other systems is presented.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Datos acad\u00e9micos de la tesis doctoral \u00ab<strong>Carbohydrate-based polyurethanes and polyamides: synthesis, characterization and stereocomplex formation<\/strong>\u00ab<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u00edtulo de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 Carbohydrate-based polyurethanes and polyamides: synthesis, characterization and stereocomplex formation <\/li>\n<li><strong>Autor:<\/strong>\u00a0 Romina Mar\u00edn Bernab\u00e9 <\/li>\n<li><strong>Universidad:<\/strong>\u00a0 Polit\u00e9cnica de catalunya<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fecha de lectura de la tesis:<\/strong>\u00a0 07\/05\/2009<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Direcci\u00f3n y tribunal<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Director de la tesis<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Sebasti\u00e1n Mu\u00f1oz Guerra<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tribunal<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Presidente del tribunal: Mar\u00eda Valpuesta fern\u00e1ndez <\/li>\n<li>Jes\u00fas Santamar\u00eda (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>virginia C\u00e1diz deleito (vocal)<\/li>\n<li>Mar\u00eda violante De paz b\u00e1\u00f1ez (vocal)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tesis doctoral de Romina Mar\u00edn Bernab\u00e9 The presented thesis is addressed to the development of polyurethanes made from carbohydrate derived 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